Transcript Slide 1

TCE-Virginia Tech Seminar
Emerging Issues
in
Energy Solutions
Roop L. Mahajan
Tucker Chair Professor
Director, ICTAS
[email protected]
October 30, 2009
2
What does it mean?
To summarize
 In an age of Hyper-Communication
 In a Global but Crowded Village
 In a Technology Age
of Unprecedented Power
What are the energy implications
of this paper-to-pixel revolution?
The Energy implications
of hyper communication
 Data centers required
to run the internet, to transmit data, safeguard it, mine
it..…
 Data servers require lot of energy

They are the hidden internet energy hogs
 “Virginia-based Dominion Power estimates that by 2012 fully ten
percent of all the electricity it sends to Virginia will be gobbled up
by these centers”
Kent Garber, posted March 24, 2009
f
Demographics, prosperity and energy
demand
Population (millions)
10
8
6
4
Oceania
N. America
S. America
Europe
Asia
Africa
2
0
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
Oceana
Oceana
N. America
Africa
Europe
N. America
Africa
Europe
S. America
S. America
2005
1
2
3
2050
4
6.5 Billion
Asia
Source: msd-energy-croatia.ppt
5
6
1
2
3
4
8.9 Billion
Asia
5
6
The Energy implications
of increasing prosperity?
Primary energy per capita (GJ)
Energy demand and GDP per capita (1980-2002)
GDP per capita (purchasing power parity)
As GDP increases,
so does the
demand for
energy
40% of the world’s
population is
in the fast developing
regions.
The Net Result ..
 an increase in worldwide increase in energy demand
 almost by 50% by 2030 ( international energy agency)
[www.energiekrise.de & Kyoto Protocol]
TW
Expanding energy demand
2100: 40-50 TW
2050: 25-30 TW
2000: 13 TW
25.00
World Energy Demand
20.00
total
15.00
industrial
10.00
developing
5.00
US
ee/fsu
0.00
1970
1990
2010
EIA Intl Energy Outlook 2004
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html
Hoffert et al Nature 395, 883,1998;
Energy Gap
2050: 14 TW
2100: 34 TW
1 TW= 1,000 GW
2030
msd-energy-croatia.ppt
How do we meet this gap?
Not by building new power plants
Building one 1-GW power plant/day will take 38 years !!
Who wants this?
Price of inaction
And who is not worried about this ?
300
275
800
-- CO2
-- CH4
-- T
700
175
- 4
500
400
300
- 8
100
400
200
300
Thousands of years before present
(Ky BP)
0
Climate Change 2001: T he Scientific Basis, Fig 2.22
1.5
380
-- CO2
-- Global Mean Temp
360
340
1.0
0.5
320
0
300
280
- 0.5
260
- 1.0
240
1000
1200
1600
1400
Year AD
1800
- 1.5
2000
J. R. Petit et al, Nature 399, 429, 1999
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001
http://www.ipcc.ch
N. Oreskes, Science 306, 1686, 2004
D. A. Stainforth et al, Nature 433, 403, 2005
Tipping points on temperature and CO2 level indicate urgency
Temperature (°C)
200
0
600
250
225
+ 4
Atmospheric CO2 (ppmv)
325
CO2 in 2004: 380 ppmv
T relative to
present (°C)
CO2 CH4
(ppmv) (ppmv)
There is alternative to
meeting the energy needs of a
Hot, Flat & Crowded Planet
 Energy through renewable sources
•
•
•
•
•
Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Biofuels
Environment
The Sun: Our Ultimate Energy Source
Energy in Sunlight and Heat
1.2 x 105 TW delivered to Earth
36,000 TW on land (world)
Earth’s
Ultimate Recoverable
Resource of oil
San Francisco
Earthquake
(1906)
3 Trillion (=Tera)
Barrels
magnitude 7.8
1017 Joules
1.7 x 1022 Joules
1 second of sunlight
1.5 days of sunlight
Annual Human Production of
Energy
4.6 x 1020 Joules
Source: msd-energy-croatia.ppt
1 hour of sunlight
Renewable energy to play a
key role
50
50
2003
45
45
40
40
35
35
30
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
5
2050
10
0.5%
5
0
Source: International Energy Agency
Fi
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Bi
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as
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r,
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w
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in
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d,
ge
ot
he
rm
al
Ga
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l
Co
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There is an alternative ..
 However, to meet this goal, we
need optimization of the whole
value added chain of energy
 Conversion
 Transport
 Storage
 Consumers’ utilization
 We will need innovation &
technological breakthrough
 Nanotechnology to play a key role
nanotechnology and energy .
 Important role in the development of both conventional
and renewable energy sources
 Nano-coated, wear-resistant drill probes
 High-duty nanomaterials for lighter & more rugged rotor blades of wind and tide
power plants
 Wear and corrosion protection layers for mechanically stressed components
 Alternate thin layer and organic polymer solar cells
 Increase in efficiency of c-Si solar cells through antireflection layers
 Nano-optimized membranes for separation and storage of carbon dioxide
 Light weight construction materials for automobile industry- lower fuel
consumption
 Nanoporous thermal insulation
 Nanostructured electrodes, catalysts and membranes for increased yield from fuel
cells
 …….
In closing..
 “The supreme reality of our time is the vulnerability of the
planet.” - John F. Kennedy, June 28, 1963
President’s address before a Joint Session
of the Dail and Seanad, Dublin, Ireland.
 More true today than ever before
 Meeting expanding energy needs a
major challenge
 Plenty of energy sources from “heaven”
 Technological solutions for optimizing
the whole chain of energy
- development, conversion, transport, consumption
 NEED CONCERTED EFFORT!
one step at a time..or perhaps lighting one diya at a time !!
TCE-Virginia Tech Seminar
October 30, 2009
Emerging Issues
in
Energy Solutions
Roop L. Mahajan
Tucker Chair Professor
Director, ICTAS
[email protected]
THANK YOU !!