Transcript Batiquitos Lagoon

A Comparative Study of The
Use of Environmental Friendly
Household Cleaning Products
in
Southern California and
Southern Guangdong
Problems and Challenges
试比较南加州与南广东
之家庭环保化学产品
并略论发展问题与挑戰
Prof. Kwan Ming Chan
B.Sc. (HKU)， Ph. D. (Liverpool, England)
Prof. Emeritus, California State University
陈钧铭教授
香港大学理学士
英国利物浦大学博士
美国加州州立大学资优教授
Co-Authors: Prof. Sun Hui-Li
and Liu Fengyang
South China Sea Institute of
Oceanology, Academia Sinica
孙恢礼教授及刘凤艳女士
南海海洋研究所
中国科学院
Objectives: Why comparing
two regions?
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Both are the major gateways in the
Pacific
Lessons learned may serve as models
Southern California has abundant data
for modeling
Both are in similar geographical location
with high economic power
Geographic and Economic
Settings for two regions
太平洋两岸环境与经贸
比較
中/港 货運 $35 billion 美元
Cargoes transport
US and China -Comparison
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中 China
GDP （per capita）
$4,400
美 USA
$37,600
Purchasing power 購买力(in trillion）
$5.7
$10.4
Economic Structure 经济结耩
China
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Agriculture 农业 15%
Industry工业
51%
Service 服务
34%
USA
2%
18%
80%
Budget and Expenditure
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China
USA
0.224
1.946
0.267
2.052
Budget 收入(trillion)
Expenditure支出(trillion）
trillion =1012， 万亿
Quick Facts：Calif. Vs USA
Calif.
USA
 人口Population,106
34
284
 屋价House value, K
211 119
 零售Retail sales,109
263 2460
 制造Manufacture, 109
379 3842
California is about 1/10 of USA
Guangdong economic power is a top-ranking
province in China. GDP is about US $10,000.
加州与美国相比 Calif Vs USA
多少数族裔 More minority
 多外国出生
More foreign born
 高房价
Higher median house value
 高收入
Higher household income
 高人口密度 High population density
Similar situation for Southern
Guangdong vs China

California加 vs Guangdong粤
加 CA
34
41
32 to 42
粤 GD
78
18
20 to 25
人口Population，106
面积Area, 104 km2
经度Latitude
纬度Longitude
114 to 124W 109 to 117E
海岸线Coastline, km
1935
3368
Guangdong has longer coastline and larger
population.
Southern California Land Use
南加州用地分配
34%
 住房Housing
28%
 休闲Open Space/Recreation
20%
 工商Commerce/Industry
12%
 其他Others
6%
Southern California has rapid expansion in
housing

农业Uncommitted (Farming, Mining)
Some problems related to the
expansion of urban areas
More waste discharges
 Rapid change in coastal environment
 More Red tides
 More accidental discharges
 Costly clean-up
Similar problems in both regions.
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Waste discharge
severely affected
Lagoons in Calif.
<Batiquitos Lagoon
<San Elijo Lagoon
Lagoon Modification
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Formed after ice age
Open to tidal flushing
Shellfish and artifacts
from Paleo-Indians
(9000-3500 years ago)
Catholic Missions
Took over from Mexico
in 1848
Development, Deterioration
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1881 Railroad line
Crossing Bridges
Coastal Highway
and Freeway
Limited Flushing
• Aerial view
showing narrow
openings
• Shallow basin and
building of silts
• Limited circulation
and flushing
Input source to the ocean
- Southern California
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109 cu m/year
Treated waste water 1.4
Industrial waste
0.25
Surface runoff
0.6
Cooling water
7.7
General Characteristics of
effluents, Southern California
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Suspended solids
BOD
COD
Oil and grease
Total Nitrogen
Phosphate
Detergent
in mg/liter
335
120
240
19
23
5
4.8
General characteristics of storm
water, Southern California
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Oil and grease
Total Nitrogen
Phosphate
Detergent
in mg/liter
1.5
3.9
0.43
0.1
Compare storm water and
effluent water
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Oil and grease
19/1.5 =12.6
Total Nitrogen
23/3.9=5.9
Phosphate
5/.43=11.6
Detergent
4.8/.1=48
Effluent has at least 10 times more
General Characteristics of sludge
discharged into coastal ocean of
Southern California
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Suspended solids
Oil and grease
Total Nitrogen
Phosphate
Detergent
in mg/liter
5
760
590
130
4.8
General characteristics of silt
in storm water of Southern
California
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Oil and grease
Total Nitrogen
Phosphate
Detergent
in mg/liter
1.5
3.9
2
.1
Compare sludge and silt in
storm water
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Oil and grease
760/1.5 =507
Total Nitrogen
590/3.9 =151
Phosphate
130/2= 65
Detergent
4.8/.1= 48
Sludge has at least 50 times more
Mass emission rate of wastewater
discharged in Southern California
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Suspended solids
BOD
COD
Oil and grease
Total Nitrogen
Phosphate
Detergent
in metric tons/year
278,000
291,000
675,000
65,000
85,400
13,300
7,600
Sample of the best selling
detergents – from EBay
Detergent Phosphates
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Form: sodium tri-polyphosphate
About 30-40% of Phosphorus in waste
water from cleaning products
To-day, there are non-P detergent, but
most still have 6-8% P
Action of Phosphates
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Peptize and help dirt suspension
Aid in germ killing
Buffer the pH in removal of fatty soils
Make surfactant more effective by
breaking up surfactant polymeric units.
Basic Components (about
90% by weight)
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Surfactant Bipolar organic to lift off grease by
lowering surface tension
Builder – Phosphates
Soften water by removing Ca and Mg
Other components
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Silicate – corrosion inhibitor
Carboxymethylcellulose – antiredeposition agent to keep
removed dirt from resettling onto
clothes during the washing cycle
Other Common Chemicals in
the detergents
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2-butoxyethanol
Malic Acid
Diethylene Glycol Monbutyl Ether (lysol)
Isobutane
NTA (nitrilotriactate) –subsituted for P
Undesirable effect of highly
alkaline chemicals
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Higher alkaline – alter fabrics
Skin or internal organ damage
Higher cost
Interaction with trace metals, increase
in transmission, may cause birth defects
Tea Tree - Melaleuca
Alternifolia(natural product
as cleanser)
Other Common Names: Manuka, Melaleuca
alternifolia
 Range: Australia - New South Wales,
Queensland; East Indies.
 Haitat: Swamps by the coast. Requires a
fertile, well-drained moisture retentive limefree soil in full sun.
 An essential oil is obtained from the leaves. It
is strongly germicidal and is also used in
dentistry, deodorants, soaps, mouthwashes
etc
Top 5 Brands/Companies of
detergent in China
Diao/Zhejang Nice Chemical Co.
 Omo/Unilever China Ltd.
 Liby/Guangzhou Liby Co., Ltd
 Qiqiang/Shangxi Nafine Chemicals Ltd
 Tide/Procter & Gamble (Guangzhou) Ltd
Most are in joint-venture with foreign
companies, similar in chemical
composition
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Outlook
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China had the highest GDP growth,
nearly 8%.
GDP per capita in China is nearly
$1,000
Retail sales growth of 8.8%
China is undergoing another phase of
more environmental conscientious
Development of friendly
household chemicals markets
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Thirty-eight million urban families currently
can afford to spend the nearly US $12,000
Over 70% of the World’s top retailers – Wall
Mart, Carrefour, Metro, etc are now in China.
The market for toiletries and cosmetics has
passed US $3 billion and is expected to reach
US $22 billion by 2013.
The challenge of environmental
friendly household chemicals
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Advertising - Television is the dominant
medium with over 1 billion daily viewers
Use of local natural products for
improvement of antiseptic and
fragrance
Improvement of tertiary sewage
treatment to remove phosphate
Use of soap in general cleaning