Transcript Diapositive 1

Poverty and Exclusion
Enhancing Human and Social Capacity for Development
The case of France
Julien Damon
Associate Professor, Sciences Po, Paris
13 June 2010, Hong Kong
www.julien-damon.com
Summary
I. Poverty and Exclusion: a World of Differences
and Similarities
II. Social Protection in France and the Fight Against
Poverty
I. Enhancing Human and Social Capacity:
Demographic Performances and New Tools
I.
Poverty and Exclusion: a
World of Differences
and Similarities
Absolute Poverty (up to $1 a day)
Source : www.worldmapper.org
Slum growth (1990-2001)
Source : www.worldmapper.org
Sewerage Sanitation(2002)
Source : www.worldmapper.org
II.
Social protection
in France
35
Public social expenditure in
percentage of GDP, in 2006
30
25
20
15
10
Source : Eurostat
FR
SE
BE
NL
DK
DE
AT
IT
UK
FI
PT
GR
EU 27
8
SI
HU
ES
LU
PL
CZ
CY
IE
MT
SK
BG
RO
LT
0
EE
5
The Post-War Scheme
 Risk coverage for
“social assistance”
beneficiaries
 Principally financed
through contributions
 Mainly horizontal
redistribution
 Divided into different
programs
 1945 goal:
universality
 The various social
insurance programs
provide four-fifths of
the benefits
Extras
PROVISION FOR THE FUTURE
 Optional and compulsory
protection
 Mutual associations,
insurance companies,
contingency fund
organizations
 1945 goal: progressive
reduction of the need for
contingency mechanisms
Social Security
INSURANCE
Social Assistance
ASSISTANCE
 Needs-based risk
coverage
 Principally financed
through taxation
 Mainly vertical
redistribution
 1945 goal: assistance
expected to become
residual
A “new” social risk: poverty
By broad risk area, 2007
Four “social risks”...
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•
•
•
Occupational injuries
Old age
Illness
Family
... that grew to eleven!
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•
•
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•
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•
Maternity
Unemployment
Work transitions
Survivors
Disability
Housing
Poverty
Old age
Health
Family
Employment
Housing
Poverty
Bird's-eye View (1)
French social policies have met many of the goals they
were designed to achieve...
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•
•
•
•
•
providing coverage for the whole population
achieving one of the highest fertility rates in the Western world
significantly improving the overall health of the population
fulfilling a role as an effective, Keynesian-inspired, economic
stabilizer
limiting inequality through a relatively high level of redistribution
reducing poverty, particularly among seniors
Bird's-eye View (2)
... they have, however, been hindered by substantial
difficulties arising from economic and social change
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•
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persistently high unemployment, resulting in lost revenue and
increased social expenditures
structural deficits that create a burden for future generations
aging population
poor, insufficient, or incomplete coverage of new risks
(dependency in old age, exclusion, immigrant integration, etc.)
changes to the family structure that challenge the
“male breadwinner” concept
increasing individualism and consumerism of users and
beneficiaries
France
and
poverty:
A RETENIR
Five characteristics of poverty
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•
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Rejuvenation
Urbanization
More working poor
« Single-parentization »
And… migrations
France and poverty:
A new agenda
Quantitative target setting
•MDG (UN) – 2000: Reduce by half the
proportion of people living on less than a dollar a
day
•OMC (UE) – 2000: Eradicate poverty
•France – 2007: Reduce poverty by one third in
five years
III.
Enhancing Human and
Social Capacity:
Demographic
Performances and New
Tools
New Realities
number of births and proportion
of births outside marriage
Progression des naissances hors mariage
Source : INED
Un Lu F
ite xem ran
d b ce
Ki ou
n
De gd rg
n om
Swma
Be ederk
Hu lgiu n
Ge ng m
rm ary
Fi an
n y
Icelan
No land
rw d
A
Ne A us ay
w ust tria
Ze ral
a i
Cz Ne Ir lana
Sl ech the eland
ov R rla d
ak ep nd
R u s
Cy ep blic
pr ub
Sl us 1lic
o
Po ven,2
r ia
Estuga
SwRomtoni l
itz an a
er ia
lan
Ita d
L
Un
a ly
ite Ja tvia
d pa
St n
at
S
Lit p es
hu ain
Poania
Ca lan
d
Grnad
Bu ee a
lg ce
M aria
ex
M ico
Koalta
re
a
Public spending on family
benefits, in per cent of GDP, 2005
Cash
Source : OECD
Services
Tax breaks towards family
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
Aging, everywhere….
Median age (years)
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
France
Republic of Korea
Hong Kong
Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision,n
2050
2045
2040
2035
2030
2025
2020
2015
2010
2005
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
15
1950
20
Another important relationship:
share of births outside marriage and fertility rate
fertility rate,
Sources: OECD, National Statistical Offices and Eurostat Demographic Statistics for EU countries.
In the end
Three key words:
Protection
Innovation
Investment
Asset building. Why not?
The case of CTF
Thank you for your attention
Merci
谢谢