Transcript Document

Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Measuring Women in Poverty and
Women’s Economic Contribution –
The Philippine Experience
Presented by
Jessamyn O. Encarnacion
National Statistical Coordination Board
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
Rome, Italy
10-12 December 2007
Slide No. 0
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Outline of Presentation
I.
Introduction
II.
Women in Poverty
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
III. Women’s Contribution to the Economy
IV. Concluding Remarks
Slide No. 1
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I. Introduction
•
•
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
From 2000 to 2003, women accounted for the second
largest number of poor population (after the children)
Magnitude of
poor women
Poverty Incidence
(%)
2000
12.2 million
32.3
2003
11.6 million
29.0
Gender differential still remains as an issue in economic
participation

Economic participation - 80% for men versus 50% for
women in 2006

Employment rate - 74% for men versus 46% for women
in 2005
•
Slide No. 2
Poses a challenge to the country in achieving Goal 3 of the
MDGs!
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I. Introduction
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
About the National Statistical Coordination Board
(NSCB)
• The Philippine Statistical System is a decentralized
statistical system
• Many agencies of government generate statistics
NSO
Bureau of Agricultural Statistics
Bureau of Labor & Employment Statistics
BSP
DENR, DOT, DepED, CHED, DOH, DOST, etc.
• Need for coordinating agency
Slide No. 3
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I. Introduction
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
About the NSCB
Executive Order 121, Series of 1987
Reorganizing the Philippine Statistical System
and for Other Purposes
• Issued on January 30, 1987
• Created the National Statistical Coordination Board
(NSCB) as the highest policy-making and coordinating
body on statistical matters in the country
Slide No. 4
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I. Introduction
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
About the NSCB
Our Products
• Compiles the National Accounts of the Philippines
Estimates GDP, GNP
• Generates Official Poverty Statistics
Poverty Threshold
Poverty Incidence
• Philippine Statistical Yearbook
• Leading economic index, foreign direct investments, etc.
• Satellite accounts for tourism, health, education
• Other economic and social statistics
Slide No. 5
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I. Introduction
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
About the NSCB
Our Services
• Coordination services
Inter-agency concerns
Survey review system
Designation of statistics
Subnational statistical system
• Online statistical service
• Technical services (including data requests and advocacy
for statistical awareness)
• Administers the NATIONAL STATISTICAL INFORMATION
CENTER
http://www.nscb.gov.ph
Slide No. 6
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I. Introduction
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Coordination mechanisms

Serves as the Secretariat to the Interagency
Committee (IAC) on Gender Statistics, which serves as
a strategic mechanism to sustain the efforts and initiatives
in the generation and improvement of gender statistics and
institutionalize the implementation of the Gender and
Development Framework
Slide No. 7
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II. Women in Poverty
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Official Poverty Statistics
• Starting 1985, Philippines’ official poverty estimates are
regularly compiled by the NSCB (i.e., every three years)
• Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES) is the main
source of data on income and expenditure, conducted by
the NSO every three years
• These are disaggregated by geographical location:
- National
- Regional
- Provincial
• Still, one of the demands is poverty statistics at lower levels
and sectoral disaggregation
Slide No. 8
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II. Women in Poverty
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act
(RA 8425)
•
•
•
Slide No. 9
Defined poverty in the Philippines
Also declared that the State should adopt an
area-based sectoral and focused intervention to
poverty alleviation
Defined the basic sectors as the disadvantaged
sectors of Philippine society
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II. Women in Poverty
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
14 Basic Sectors
1.
2.
3.
Farmer-peasant
Artisanal fisherfolk
Workers in the formal sector and migrant workers
4. WOMEN
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Slide No. 10
Senior citizens
Youth and students
Children
Urban poor
Workers in the informal sectors
Indigenous peoples and cultural communities
Differently-abled persons
Victims of calamities and disasters
Cooperatives
Non-government organizations
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II. Women in Poverty
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Poverty statistics for the basic sectors
Slide No. 11
•
Hence, in 2004, the NSCB embarked on the
“Development of Poverty Statistics for the Basic
Sectors Project”, funded by the UNDP, whose aim was
to generate poverty statistics across all the basic
sectors for the year 2000
•
In line with the NSCB’s thrust of institutionalizing
project outputs and activities, the NSCB Board, per
Resolution No. 11, Series of 2007, approved the
“Methodology for the Generation of Poverty Statistics
for the Basic Sectors”
•
Official poverty statistics on basic sectors cover 2000
and 2003
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II. Women in Poverty
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Data sources
•
•
•
•
Slide No. 12
2000 and 2003 Family Income and Expenditures
Survey (FIES)
4th quarter 2000 and 2003 round of the Labor
Force Survey (LFS) undertaken in January 2004
2000 Census of Population and Housing (CPH)
2000 and 2003 Philippine Poverty Statistics
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II. Women in Poverty
Variable
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Data source
1. Income
FIES was used for classifying households as poor
or non-poor
2. Sectoral
characteristic of the
population
LFS was used to assign household members into
sectors
3. Total population
Estimated total population of the sector based on
the FIES and LFS.
However, for years when the conduct of the CPH
and FIES coincide, data from the CPH will be used
(e.g., 2000) to estimate the total population for
four sectors, namely, women, youth, children, and
senior citizen. Otherwise, data from FIES will be
used.
Slide No. 13
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II. Women in Poverty
•
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Both FIES and LFS follow the Integrated Survey
of Households (ISH) sampling scheme, making
the estimation of poverty incidence
straightforward. For example, the poverty
incidence for women is:
Number of poor women
Poverty incidence women = ---------------------------------Total number of women
Slide No. 14
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II. Women in Poverty
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Poverty incidence among the eight sectors
2000
Women
Youth
Children
Senior Citizens
Urban poor
Migrant and Formal
Sector Workers
Farmers
Fishermen
Highlights:
2003
Pov Inc
32.3
24.5
42.5
28.0
17.3
18.7
CV
1.6
1.9
1.7
3.0
2.5
2.2
Pov Inc
29.0
23.5
38.8
18.4
15.9
18.4
CV
1.3
1.6
1.2
2.7
2.7
2.0
46.6
50.8
1.9
3.6
42.4
43.6
1.7
3.7
Pov Inc,
% Diff
3.3
1.0
3.7
9.6
1.4
0.3
4.2
7.2
Poverty Incidence among the Population (Phils. 2003) – 30.0
• The poverty incidence for all sectors decreased from 2000 to 2003. The Women
Sector exhibited a decrease of 3.3 percentage points over the 3-year period.
• In terms of magnitude of poor population, the Children, Women and Urban Sectors
are the largest.
Slide No. 15
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II. Women in Poverty
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
• Summary of findings
Range of regional poverty incidence
Sector
2000
2003
Number of regions
worse off than the
general population
Number of regions
worse off than the
regional situation
Minimum
Maximum
Minimum
Maximum
2000
2003
2000
2003
Women
8.4
58.1
6.5
53.7
12
12
4
2
Youth
5.4
47.0
4.1
49.5
13
12
0
0
Children
13.8
68.6
10.9
61.7
12
12
17
17
Senior
Citizens
Urban poor
5.8
52.3
3.3
38.7
11
12
3
0
7.3
50.7
6.7
43.9
13
12
0
0
Migrant
and Formal
Sector
Workers
3.5
39.2
3.3
37.0
12
12
0
0
Farmers1
26.4
64.2
6.7
65.7
9
8
13
13
Fishermen2
24.2
66.6
17.9
72.9
8
7
14
14
1 / Excludes NCR in 2000 due to high CV (with CV > 50 percent) 2/ Excludes CAR in 2000 due to high CV (with CV >
50 percent)
Slide No. 16
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III. Women’s Economic Contribution
Slide No. 17
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
•
Observed gender inequality in economic participation
•
Hence, men have greater economic “visibility” and
higher contribution to the economy, more participation in
making economic decisions, and more likely to have
access to credit
•
Economic undercount of women thus puts them in a
situation that can perpetuate, if not outright worsen the
inequity between men and women
•
Need for information on women’s and men’s contribution
to the economy
•
To adequately measure women’s contribution in society:
- means expanding the definition of the SNA production
boundary to include non-market services
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III. Women’s Economic Contribution
•
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Efforts on the generation of satellite accounts:
a. “Measuring The Contribution of Women To The
Philippine Economy” by Romulo A. Virola and Sylvia
M. de Perio (1998)
b. “ Women’s Contribution To The Economy” by Romulo
A. Virola (1999)
c. “Do Women Contribute Less Than Men to Nation
Building” by Romulo A. Virola, Jessamyn O.
Encarnacion, Armyl G. Zaguirre, Raymond S. Perez
(2007)
Slide No. 18
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III. Women’s Economic Contribution
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
•
Taking off from the methodology used by Virola and de
Perio in 1998
•
Using updated parameters from the results of the 2000
TUS.
Total Unpaid Hours per Day (from various studies)
Total Unpaid Hours / Day
Women
NEDA
(1984), IPC /
ILLO (19851990) a/
Employed
4.271
Unemployed
6.575
Outside the Labor Force
6.575
Men
Employment Status
Slide No. 19
TUS / NSO (2000)
b/
Original
Adjusted c/
7.155
8.704
8.704
6.554
8.034
8.034
NEDA
(1984), IPC /
ILLO (19851990) a/
1.218
1.875
1.875
TUS / NSO (2000) b/
Original
Adjusted c/
5.455
5.171
5.171
5.054
4.906
4.906
a/
Used in the 1998 study of Virola and de Perio
b/
Used in this study
c/
Details of the “original” were: 1) rescaled to add up to 24 hours (1 day); and 2) weighted using
urban (for Quezon City) and rural (for Batangas) population as weights.
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III. Women’s Economic Contribution
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
1. GDP by Sex
a. Using Total Employment (from LFS)
b. Using Total Hours Worked (from LFS)
- Data from the LFS was used as weights
- Used hours – deemed to be more reflective of the
“quantity” of participation of women or men in the labor
force
Slide No. 20
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III. Women’s Economic Contribution
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
2. NFIA by sex
a. Net Compensation
- remittances by sex in the Survey of Overseas Filipinos
(SOF) was used as weights
b. Net Property Income
- allocated equally to men and women due to unavailability
of an allocation basis
3. GNP by sex
- simply the sum of GDP and NFIA by sex
Slide No. 21
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III. Women’s Economic Contribution
Employed
Unemployed
Outside the LaborForce

Slide No. 22
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Unpaid work per day
Women
Men
6.554
5.054
during weekdays
8.034
4.906
during weekends
8.034
4.906
during weekends
Multiplied by the total number of employed,
unemployed and those outside the labor force from the
LFS
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III. Women’s Economic Contribution
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Methods Used in Valuation of Unpaid Work
Method
1. Opportunity Cost (OC)
Monetary value
used in this study
Mean
•Employed
compensation per
employee
2. Market Price (MP)
Slide No. 23
Generalist
Janitor
Specialist
N/A
Minimum Wage
Minimum wage
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Labor force
participation
•Employed
•Unemployed
•Not in the labor
force
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
III. Women’s Economic Contribution
Slide No. 24
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007

Unpaid household and community services by sex was
estimated using the same procedures except total time
spent in community services was included

Direct estimation of unpaid household was used in
computing for the self-valuation results
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III. Women’s Economic Contribution

Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Unpaid work adds 66.2 percent to GDP!
Table 1. Percentage Distribution of Value of Unpaid Hours (Housew ork Services)
to GDP, At Current Prices
% to GDP
Women
Slide No. 25
Men
Total
Year
OC/MP
MP
OC/MP
MP
OC/MP
MP
2000
46.69
40.73
48.60
27.42
95.28
68.15
2001
47.45
40.90
48.48
27.73
95.93
68.63
2002
47.23
40.84
49.27
27.80
96.51
68.64
2003
44.82
38.83
47.69
26.17
92.50
65.00
2004
43.55
37.90
48.16
25.63
91.70
63.54
2005
45.29
39.19
47.84
26.63
93.13
65.83
2006
44.89
38.93
48.56
26.40
93.45
65.33
2000-2006
45.52
39.46
48.34
26.73
93.86
66.19
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III. Women’s Economic Contribution

Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Women’s share to GDP increased by 8 percentage
points!
Table 2. Percentage Share to GDP and Adjusted GDP by Sex, 2000-2006
Conventional GDP
Slide No. 26
Adjusted GDP
Year
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
2000
61.80
38.20
100.00
53.06
46.94
100.00
2001
60.42
39.58
100.00
52.27
47.73
100.00
2002
60.49
39.51
100.00
52.35
47.65
100.00
2003
61.62
38.38
100.00
53.21
46.79
100.00
2004
62.10
37.90
100.00
53.65
46.35
100.00
2005
61.12
38.88
100.00
52.92
47.08
100.00
2006
61.07
38.93
100.00
52.91
47.09
100.00
2000-2006
61.23
38.77
100.00
52.93
47.07
100.00
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III. Women’s Economic Contribution

Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Women account for 59.6 percent of the total hours of
unpaid work!
Table 3. Pe r ce ntage Dis tr ibution of Total Unpaid Hour s of Wor k (Hous e w or k Se r vice s )
by Se x, Em ploye d, Une m ploye d and Not in the Labor For ce
2000-2006
Women
Men
Employed
44.68
55.32
A griculture, Fishery and Forestry
11.07
24.84
Mining and Quarrying
0.03
0.29
Manuf acturing
5.09
4.62
Electricity, Gas and Water
0.08
0.28
Construction
0.11
4.53
Wholesale and Retail Trade
12.99
6.31
Transportation, Communication and Storage
0.44
6.30
Financing, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services
1.49
1.60
Government Services
8.04
5.17
Private Services
5.34
1.38
Unemployed
50.95
49.05
Not in the Labor Force
81.25
18.75
TOTA L
59.62
40.38
Slide No. 27
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III. Women’s Economic Contribution

Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Women not in the labor force account for more than
half of the total value of unpaid work of women!
Table 4. Pe r ce ntage Dis tr ibution of Total
V alue of Unpaid Hour s of Wor k (Hous e w or k
Se r vice s ) by Se x for All (M ar k e t Pr ice ), In
At Cur r e nt Pr ice s
2000-2006
Wo m en
M en
40.62
74.23
5.12
7.28
N o t in the Labo r F o rc e
54.26
18.49
T OT A L
100.00
100.00
Em plo yed
Unem plo yed
Slide No. 28
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III. Women’s Economic Contribution
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Other findings of the study:
Slide No. 29
•
Women accounted for only 27.4 percent of the total Net
Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA)
•
Women contributed 46.2 percent of the adjusted Gross
National Product (GNP) from 38.0 percent when unpaid
work was not included
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III. Women’s Economic Contribution
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Other NSCB Initiatives
1. Core GAD Indicators Data Framework
2. Philippine Statistical Handbook on Women
and Men
3. Coordination of statistical activities
concerning the gender sector thru the
Interagency Committee on Gender
Statistics
4. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index
by sex
Slide No. 30
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III. Women’s Economic Contribution
Conceptual Framework
Digression
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Community
participation &
volunteer work
Cultural
activities
HI1
Religion and
spiritual work
Sex life
Education
HI2
Family
Technological
know-how
Work
Friends
Philippine
Happiness Index
Economy
Health
Environment
HI n
Note: From 14 (during the pilot) to 17
domains
Slide No. 31
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Income and
financial
security
Government
Leisure and
sports
Politics
Love life
Others
NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
III. Women’s Economic Contribution
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
· BOTH MEN AND WOMEN FIND FAMILY AND FRIENDS AS MOST
IMPORTANT DOMAINS AND SOURCES OF HAPPINESS, ENVIRONMENT,
ECONOMY, GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS AS THE LEAST!
WOMEN FIND LOVE IMPORTANT BUT NOT SEX WHILE MEN FIND BOTH
LOVE AND SEX IMPORTANT – THERE IS A MISMATCH!
WOMEN ARE HAPPIER WITH SEX THAN MEN!
BASED ON A SINGLE QUESTION, WOMEN ARE HAPPIER THAN MEN!
BUT DERIVING INDEX FROM ALL DOMAINS OF HAPPINESS, MEN ARE
JUST AS HAPPY AS WOMEN!
Slide No. 32
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III. Women’s Economic Contribution
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Other Efforts of the Philippine Statistical System
Slide No. 33
•
National Demographic and Health Survey
•
Maternal and Child Health Survey
•
Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey
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IV. Concluding Remarks
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
On measuring women in poverty
Slide No. 34
1.
The poorest sectors could be identified using
the combined FIES-LFS data with some degree of
reliability.
2.
Knowing which basic sectors were the poorest
would help in designing appropriate poverty
alleviation programs.
3.
More
comprehensive
poverty
alleviation
programs could be designed if estimates for the
other sectors could be generated as well.
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IV. Concluding Remarks
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
On measuring the contribution of women
1. Methodology needs improvement
2. Data limitations of the Philippine Statistical System
3. Financial and manpower constraints of the NSCB
4. Reports appear to be comparable to other countries
5. Better appreciation from international community will
benefit the efforts to value unpaid work in the SNA
Slide No. 35
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IV. Concluding Remarks
Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
6. Users should recognize the benefits from the
generation of statistics and it will be helpful if they are
able to demonstrate actual policy uses of statistics.
7. Need for statistical capacity building of the producers,
users and the providers of statistics.
8. The Government thru the Department of Budget and
Management and Congress should realize that statistics
will play a the critical role in the global competition
among knowledge-based economies in the Third
Millennium.
Slide No. 36
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Global Forum on Gender Statistics
10-12 December 2007
Thank you!
visit: www. nscb.gov.ph
email: [email protected]
[email protected]
Slide No. 37
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