Great Depression Great Recession
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Transcript Great Depression Great Recession
Great
Depression
Great
Recession
National Bureau of Economic
Research (NBER)
Defines
the unofficial beginning and
ending dates of national recessions
Definition: „a significant decline decline in
economic activity spread across the
economy, lasting more than a few
months, normally visible in real gross
domestic product (GDP), real income,
employment, industrial production, and
wholesale-retail sales"
47
recessions dated since 1790
Reasons:
-Regulations
-Policies: fiscal, trade, monetary
-Cycles: agriculture, consuption, investment
-Health of the banking industry
External
shocks to the economic system
(wars , drastic weather chances, banking
crisis) result in recessions
Early recessions
Panic
of 1797, 3 years
Deflation from Bank of England (land
speculation bubble bursted)
It disrupted commercial and real estate
markets in US
1815-21 depression, 6 years
Followed the 1812 war, high inflation rate
Included Panic of 1819
Unemployment, real estate prices
dropped, agriculture and manufacturing
down
1839-1843
recession, 4 years
Long period of deflation and massive
default on debt
Panic of 1873 and the Long Depression, 5
years+5 months
Jay Cooke&Company(largest bank in US)
failed, bursting the post-Civil War bubble.
Coinage Act of 1873 caused the drop in
silver price (mining suffered)
Deflation and Wage cuts Great Railroad
Strike in 1877
Long Depression 1873-1896
1882-85
recession, 3+ years
Price depression
Railroad construction declined
Iron and steel industies affected
Included Panic of 1884
Investments dropped (railway industry)
Depression of 1920-21, 1,5 years
Short but painful
Highest deflation rate in US history
Post -World War I recession
Great Depression 1929-1933
Lasted
4 years + 7 months
Stock markets crashed
US banking collapsed
Causes/theories
Debt
deflation – prices and income fell
20-50%, debts remained same dollar
amount
Differences in wealth and income –
productivity increased at a higher rate
than wages
Financial institutions structures –
structural weaknesses: unsufficent
reserves, investments in stocks, risky
loans
Gold
standard- spread the recession,
no flexibility
Expanding government – taxes, tariffs,
regulations
International trade – debts not paid
back, tariffs hindering trade
Population- decreasing population led
to underconsumption
Productivity – industrialisation
Results
Unemployment
up to 25%/37%,
50%/80%
Industrial production down by 45%
Homebuilding dropped 80%
5000 banks out of business
GDP fell 30%
Stock market lost 90% of its value
Average
income reduced by 40%
9 million savings accounts wiped out
At least 2 million homeless people
25% of all schoolchildren were
malnourished
Emigration vs immigration
Mexican immigrants deported to Mexico
GD vs GR
The
stock market did not fall as far
Supply of money fell 25% during GD
Unemployment rate was much higher
(25%)
Late 2000 recession, The Great
Recession 2007-2009 (2010)
Sub-prime
mortgage crisis
US housing bubble collapsed
Global financial crisis followed
Oil and food prices soared
Financial institutions failed: Bear Sterns,
Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Lehman
Brothers, AIG
Automobile industry in crisis
Causes
Public
monetary policy in one (no
supervision, regulations to protect
pension/savings etc) hand and
Private financial institutions practices
on the other hand (risky lending,
shadow banking)
Results
Political
instability – protest movements
Policy responses – bailouts
Pension loss – 30/90%
Legislation – stimulus plan
Federal Reserve – loans
Job losses – officially appr. 10%
Ongoing hardship
persistent
high unemployment remains
low consumer confidence
continuing decline in home values
increase in personal bankruptcies
escalating federal debt crisis
Inflation
rising gas and food prices.
US bailouts
700
billion USD – bank bailout
787 billion USD – fiscal stimulus package
All together 14295 billion USD