Transcript Document

ILC 2013 Agenda Item V on
Sustainable Development, Decent
Work and Green Jobs.
Background notes in preparation of the ILC
2013 Discussion on Agenda item V (first
version)
Vincent Jugault
Senior Environment and Decent Work Specialist
ILO ROAP Green Jobs
20 May 2013
ILC 2013 Agenda Item V,
June 2013, Geneva
• General tripartite discussion:
– 1 year after Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable
Development;
– 19 months after the Asia & Pacific Labour
Conference (APRM, Dec 2011, Kyoto) which
provided regional guidance on green/ greener jobs;
• Unique opportunity for World of Work to formulate
global guidance on issues of Decent Work, Green Jobs
and Sustainable Development;
2
Contents
1. The environmental and employment challenges
in Asia & the Pacific – a review
2. Decent Work, Green Jobs and Sustainable
Development in Asia & the Pacific
3. Challenges and opportunities for green jobs
4. Effective policies and institutions
5. Achievements and lessons learnt from green
jobs activities in Asia & the Pacific
6. Scope for a supportive role by the ILO
7. Points for Discussion at ILC 102 (June 2013,
Geneva)
1. The environmental and employment
challenges in A & P – a review
1.1
1.2
1.3
Key environmental challenges in A & P
Asia’s economic growth and employment
challenges – a review
Section 1 - Sum up
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
Key environmental challenges include:
• Climate Change Mitigation. All efforts to reduce
emissions of green house gases, including CO2
emissions. Examples are clean transport, renewable
energy, energy efficiency in buildings and industry,
sustainable agriculture, prevention of deforestation and
forest degradation (REDD+), reforestation, etc.;
• Climate Change Adaptation. All efforts to adapt to the
adverse effects of climate change, which include sea rise
level, melting of the ice cap, etc. and increased intensity
and frequency of extreme weather events such as
droughts, floods, storms, etc;
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
• Biodiversity Conservation. All efforts to prevent
biodiversity losses. Examples include sustainable
agriculture, management/conservation of eco-systems
and land use (e.g. primary forests , humid zones, etc.);
• Prevention of Desertification. All efforts to prevent and
limit desertification, including river basin management,
reforestation, erosion prevention, etc.;
• Pollution Prevention and Control. All efforts to prevent
pollution of environmental media such as air, water,
waste, and soils. May also include noise prevention;
• Natural ressource management including water
management, fish stocks management, etc.;
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
The Asia & Pacific region now contributes significantly
to the climate change problem.
Some of the biggest (absolute) emitters of green house gases are from
the region. Source: UNFCCC (2007) 2004 data for US, EU (25), Russia, Japan and Canada; Department of Climate Change
(2008) 2004 data for Australia (using UNFCCC accounting); and World Resources Institute (2008) for other countries
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
Some of the biggest emitters of green house gases per capita are also
found in the region. Sources: UNFCCC (2007) 2004 data for US, EU (25), Russia, Japan and Canada; Department of
Climate Change (2008) 2004 data for Australia (using UNFCCC accounting); and World Resources Institute (2008) for other countries
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
But Asia & the Pacific is also particularly vulnerable to
the effects of climate change.
This vulnerability comes from several ‘environmental’
factors;
Which combined with other complicating factors make
the region even more vulnerable to these challenges,
such as:
• Increasing demography, in particular Southern Asia;
• A booming energy demand : 70% increase in Asia
over the next 20 years;
• High exposure to price volatility in oil, food;
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
A first factor of vulnerability is that the number of natural
disasters occurring worldwide has increased, and
particularly in Asia & the Pacific
400
Number of Disasters
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
Africa
Asia-Pacific
Caribbean
Europe
Latin America
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
0
North America
Source: ESCAP and ISDR, The Asia-Pacific Disaster Report 2010.
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
A second factor of vulnerability relates to heavily
populated coastlines and low-lying islands. The effects
include:
• The effects of coastal erosion, the intrusion of saline
waters and land losses are already visible and their
impacts felt in many low lying areas of the region;
• The rise of the sea level which directly jeopardizes the
very existence of a number of low lying islands (Atolls)
in the Pacific & Indian Ocean;
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
Areas in red are at risk
from rising sea levels in
Bangladesh
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
• Asia is home to almost half of the global urban
population and is urbanizing at a pace faster than
any other region,
• The region will be confronted with even greater
environmental challenges, including air pollution,
congestion, CO2 emission, deprivation in water and
basic sanitation, and growing vulnerability to natural
disasters,
• Six of the world’s eight cities most exposed to
flooding and damage from unpredictable weather
patterns are located in Asia, namely: Mumbai,
Guangzhou, Shanghai, Miami, Ho Chi Minh City,
Kolkata, Greater New York, Osaka-Kobe
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
East and South Asia‘s
agglomerations are
highly vulnerable
to sea level rise and
other climate related
disaster risks
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
A third driver of vulnerability is the strong reliance on
agriculture for income and employment.
• Agriculture in developing Asia is expected to see a
decrease of 4 % of GDP share due to climate change
(FAO, 5th World Water Forum).
• Rising temperatures and extreme weather events will
likely reduce crop yields by as much as 10% as early as
2020, putting 132 million people at risk of extreme
hunger by 2050 (ADB, June 2009);
• South Asia is expected to be the worst affected region
(together with Southern Africa) by the negative
impacts on important crops (Lobell et al., 2008);
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
• The increase in competitive uses of water, changing
climatic patterns, deforestation and soil erosion,
droughts and melting glaciers, all contribute
individually to imposing a major stress on water
resources;
• An estimated 1.2 billion people could experience
freshwater scarcity by 2020 as the fresh water
supply is expected to decrease in Southeast,
Central, East and South Asia (ADB, June 2009)
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
More than a billion people depend on water from diminishing
Himalayan glaciers
Source: Centre for
International Earth
Science Information
Network, WB 2010
Development Report.
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
A fourth driver of vulnerability in the region is the
dependence on marine resources affecting primarily, but
not limited to, those who depend directly on them.
• These highly fragile resources are greatly deteriorating
from the effects of municipal, agricultural and
industrial pollution, unsustainable costal management
practices and over-fishing;
• A total of 24-34 per cent of coral reefs could be lost by
2020 (ADB, June 2009);
• The fishing industry will be directly affected by fish
stock management, with potentially millions of jobs to
be lost in A&P (UNEP, Green Economy report, 2011;
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
Example 1 of related issues: Food price volatility and
constraints to increases in food productivity and production
Source: FAO
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
Example 1 of related issues - Food price volatility and
constraints to increases in food productivity and production
Yield growth has been slowing for major cereals
Source: FAO State of Food Insecurity in the World 2009
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
Trade restrictions also contributed to soaring food
prices...
Rice prices on international markets
2007-2010
White Rice, Thai 100% B
1200
1000
800
=
Viet Nam
restricts
exports
600
400
Source: FAO and Headey and Fan (2008)
10.09.2…
16.07.2…
21.05.2…
26.03.2…
29.01.2…
04.12.2…
09.10.2…
14.08.2…
19.06.2…
24.04.2…
27.02.2…
02.01.2…
07.11.2…
12.09.2…
18.07.2…
23.05.2…
28.03.2…
01.02.2…
12.10.2…
17.08.2…
22.06.2…
27.04.2…
02.03.2…
0
07.12.2…
India restricts exports
200
05.01.2…
US dollars per tonne
Japan re-exports rice
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
Asia-Pacific biofuel
production and consumption
35
Biodiesel
Consumption
30
25
Biodiesel
Production
20
15
Ethanol
Consumption
10
5
Ethanol
Production
0
2005
2010
2020
2030
Source: FAO BEFS
Some biofuels also add pressure on food prices, as they
require land and water that could be used to grow food
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
Arable land in use, 1997-99, million ha.
Total suitable for rain-fed crop production, million ha.
Source: FAO
2001. World
Agriculture
towards
2015/30,
Summary
Report
East and Southeast Asia
South Asia
But there is little additional arable land left in Asia
1.1
Key environmental challenges in A & P
... And much of the land left is of poor quality
1. The environmental and employment
challenges in A & P
1.1
1.2
1.3
Key environmental challenges in A & P
Asia’s economic growth and employment
challenges – a review
Section 1 - Sum up
1.2
Asia’s economic growth and employment
challenges – a review
A diverse region but with remarkable economic growth…
Real gross domestic product, annual average change, 1990-2011 (%)
South-East Asia & the Pacific
5.1
South Asia
6.2
East Asia
Source: IMF: World
Economic Outlook
Database, April 2012.
8.9
WORLD
3.4
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
…has led to poverty reduction and improved living standards;
though the Eurozone crisis has had a sobering effect on
growth since 2011 (esp. in China and India).
1.2
Asia’s economic growth and employment
challenges – a review
But employment growth has been low in recent years…
Country
China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Korea, Rep. of
Malaysia
Mongolia
Pakistan
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Viet Nam
GDP Growth
(2001-2008 average)
10.5
7.0
5.4
1.4
4.4
5.7
8.2
5.3
5.3
6
5.2
7.6
Employment Growth
(2001-2008 average)
0.9
2.4
1.7
-0.1
1.4
1.8
3.2
3.7
2.8
1.7
1.7
2.0
…while the demographic profile is mixed – South Asia as well
as Cambodia, Philippines, Indonesia, still have rising numbers
of young people in the labor force and many new entrants.
1.2
Asia’s economic growth and employment
challenges – a review
Youth Unemployment rates high and rising - 45% of all
unemployed youth come from Asia and the Pacific
Total and youth unemployment rates, most recent period (%)
Indonesia (Feb 2012)
Sri Lanka (Q3 2011)
Philippines (Jul 2012)
New Zealand (Jun 2012)
Hong Kong, China (Jul 2012)
Taiwan, China (Aug 2012)
Australia (Sep 2012)
Marshall Islands (2011)
Pakistan (2011)
India (2010)
Japan (Aug 2012)
Korea, Rep. of (Sep 2012)
Singapore (Jun 2012)
Viet Nam (2011)
Macau, China (Q2 2012)
Thailand (Q2 2012)
…
Note: Youth aged 15-24, except Hong Kong,
China (aged 15-19); Macau, China (aged 1624); Pakistan (aged 15-19); Singapore
(Residents aged 15-29) and Viet Nam (aged
20-24).
Source: National statistical offices; ILO: Key
Indicators of the Labour Market, 7th
Edition (Geneva, 2011).
Youth
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
Total
20.0
…young people still 3-5 times more likely to be unemployed than
adults. Also, the rate of those not in employment, education nor
training (NEET) is as high as 30% in Bangladesh and the Philippines.
1.2
Asia’s economic growth and employment
challenges – a review
Youth unemployment does not always follow the
same trend as total unemployment – example
Indonesia
Indonesia – Youth and total employment rates
Source ILO GET 2011
….so special initiatives required to tackle youth
employment challenge – green skills and jobs for
youth could have potential ….
1.2
Asia’s economic growth and employment
challenges – a review
For many of those who are working - vulnerability remains
high, reflecting poor job quality…
Share of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment (%)
Lao PDR
Bangladesh
Nepal
India
Bhutan
Vanuatu
Cambodia
Pakistan
Viet Nam
Mongolia
Indonesia
Thailand
Sri Lanka
Philippines
Malaysia
Taiwan, China
Singapore
Source: National statistical offices;
ILO: Key Indicators of the Labour
Market (KILM), 7th edition;
ILO: Global Employment Trends
2012.
0
20
40
60
80
…pervasive informality and rising casual jobs indicate precarious
working conditions with limited social protection.
1.2
Asia’s economic growth and employment
challenges – a review
The region spends very little on social security as compared
with other regions
Social security expenditure by region, weighted by population, latest available
year (percentage of GDP)
Sources: IMF, 2009; OECD, SOCX (OECD, 2009a); ILO Social Security Inquiry (ILO, 2009c); ESSPROS
(European Commission, 2009a); WHOSIS (WHO, 2009a)
1.2
Asia’s economic growth and employment
challenges – a review
With important disparities between high-income and low
income countries
Social security expenditure by income level and branch, weighted by
population, latest available year (percentage of GDP)
Sources: IMF, 2009; OECD, SOCX (OECD, 2009a); ILO Social Security Inquiry (ILO, 2009c); ESSPROS
(European Commission, 2009a); WHOSIS (WHO, 2009a)
1.2
Asia’s economic growth and employment
challenges – a review
Earnings for many are still too low to escape poverty…
Share of workers living in poor households, most recent period (%)
80.1
Bangladesh
India
Nepal
Afghanistan
East Timor
Lao PDR
Myanmar
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Cambodia
Indonesia
Bhutan
Fiji
Solomon Islands
Philippines
Viet Nam
Mongolia
Sri Lanka
74.5
74.1
73.6
68.2
64.0
60.8
57.0
56.3
53.1
52.0
50.8
Source: ILO, Key Indicators
of the Labour Market
(KILM), 7th edition; ILO:
Global Employment
Trends 2012.
49.7
44.2
40.9
37.3
32.0
US$2 per day
26.0
0
20
40
60
US$1.25 per day
80
…as around 711 million workers in Asia live on less
than US$2 a day (296 million below US$1.25)
1.2
Asia’s economic growth and employment
challenges – a review
All these have contributed to high and rising income
inequality in the region…with implications for sustainable
development
Gini Coefficient, earliest year in 1990s and latest year
Malaysia (1992-2009)
Cambodia (1994-2007)
China (1990-2008)
Philippines (1991-2009)
Sri Lanka (1991-2007)
Thailand (1990-2009)
46.2
44.4
43.4
43.0
40.3
40.0
Indonesia (1990-2011)
India (1993-2010)
Lao PDR (1992-2008)
Mongolia (1995-2008)
Viet Nam (1993-2008)
38.9
37.0
36.7
36.5
35.6
Taipei, China (1990-2010)
Nepal (1996-2010)
Bangladesh (1992-2010)
Pakistan (1991-2008)
Korea, Rep. of (1992-2010)
34.2
32.8
32.1
Earliest year
30.0
28.9
20
25
30
35
40
45
Source: World Bank (2012), PovcalNet data, supplemented by household survey
data from India and publications of official statistical offices (Republic of Korea and
1. The environmental and employment
challenges in A & P
1.1
1.2
1.3
Key environmental challenges in A & P
Asia’s economic growth and employment
challenges – a review
Section 1 - Sum up
1.3
Section 1 - Sum up
• Today, the Asia & the Pacific contributes
significantly to the global problem of climate change
(CO2 emissions, etc.);
• The Asia & the Pacific is particularly exposed to the
regional/local adverse impacts of climate change
(individuals, enterprises, infrastructure);
• All developed and developing countries in the
region are affected one way or another, rural as
well as urban areas,
• Low-lying SIDS have contributed less to the problem
and are affected most; great disparity of situation
between countries (including between PICs)
1.3
Section 1 - Sum up (cont.)
• Climate change and other environmental challenges
have become a major threat to sustainable
development; Example: Asia’s booming cities must go
green or risk disaster (ADB);
• The region remains home to two-thirds of the world's
poor, their ranks further deepened by loss of
employment and reduced incomes from the 2008
global financial crisis;
• The economic poor are the most exposed to the
adverse effects of climate change and to
‘environmental poverty’;
1.3
Section 1 - Sum up (cont.)
• In terms of economic benefits and access to
social services, large numbers of people are
being left behind or left out;
• In many developing countries, economic
inequality has increased in the past decade;
• Without steps to address these disparities and
promote inclusive, sustainable growth, the risk
this trend poses - including social instability will continue to grow
Contents
1. The environmental and employment challenges
in A & P
2. Decent Work, Green Jobs and Sustainable
Development in Asia & the Pacific
3. Challenges and opportunities for green jobs
4. Effective policies and institutions
5. Achievements and lessons learnt from Asia &
the Pacific
6. Scope for a supportive role by the ILO
7. Points for Discussion at ILC 102 (June 2013,
Geneva)
2. Decent Work, Green Jobs and Sustainable
Development in Asia & the Pacific
2.1
2.2
2.3
Decent Work as a pillar of the Sustainable
Development Framework
Green jobs as decent, environmentally
friendly jobs
Section 2 – Sum up
2.1 Decent Work as a pillar of the Sustainable
Development Framework
Labor/social issues
Employment &
Poverty reduction
Sustainable
Development
Economy
Environment
Green Jobs policies are a bridge between economic
and environmental policies and stress the central
contribution of decent work to inclusive growth and
sustainable development.
2.1 Decent Work as a pillar of the Sustainable
Development Framework
In this regard, Green Jobs build upon the shared
recognition of the critical role to be played by
productive employment in eradicating poverty.
Specific actions to be promoted through social dialogue
at all levels of decisions making (international, national,
work-place) involving the Constituents include; more
sustainable models of production, active labour market
policies, economic diversification towards reorienting
investments towards job-rich environmentally friendly
economic sectors, and universal social protection.
2.1 Decent Work as a pillar of the Sustainable
Development Framework
Labor/social issues
Environment
• The core ILS (8)
• OSH Standards
• HRD/TVET Standards
• ILC 2007 Conclusions on
sustainable enterprises, etc.
• International Labor Standards and major ILO policy
statements are very relevant already to the international
infrastructure on Sustainable Development;
• However, they may need to be articulated adequately for
the Constituents to use in the context of SD;
Economy
2.1 Decent Work as a pillar of the Sustainable
Development Framework
• There can be more and better jobs in green
economies, given the right policies are in place;
• Such policies and measures require the full
involvement of the actors of the world of work,
(workers, enterprises and employers), those actually
doing the work on the ground, for a politically,
economically and socially sustainable transition;
2. Decent Work, Green Jobs and Sustainable
Development in Asia & the Pacific
2.1
2.2
2.3
Decent Work as a pillar of the Sustainable
Development Framework
Green jobs as decent, environmentally
friendly jobs
Section 2 – Sum up
2.2 Green jobs as decent, environmentally
friendly jobs
• “Green Jobs can be generically defined as the direct
employment created in economic sectors and activities,
which reduces their environmental impact and
ultimately brings it down to levels that are sustainable”.
• Green Jobs are based on the two pillars of Decent Work
and Environmentally Sustainability;
GJ = Decent Work (DW) + Environmental Sustainable (ES)
 Green jobs pursue the goal of full and productive
employment, decent work for all and a low-carbon,
environmentally friendly, climate resilient economy;
2.2 Green jobs as decent, environmentally
friendly jobs
• Although there is no (yet) international definition of
green jobs, green jobs in some countries are counted as
the direct employment directly involved in the
production of green goods and services (or ecoactivities);
• Green goods and services can be defined by:
– national legislation/regulations through the adoption
of legally binding or voluntary standards and
protocols,
– international trade regimes;
– International voluntary standards from industry, non
governmental organizations, etc.;
– Others;
2.2 Green jobs as decent, environmentally
friendly jobs
• Green jobs produce green goods and services (e.g.
certified organic food, ecotourism, manufacturing
and installation of solar panels, water efficient valve,
green financial services, etc.)
• Green jobs can also be specialized jobs that help
reduce the environmental impact of enterprises and
activites in ANY sector (e.g. an energy auditor in the
mining sector)
• Green Jobs are being counted in an increasing
number of countries
2.2 Green jobs as decent, environmentally
friendly jobs
Green Jobs are one of the fastest growing sectors of the
employment market in Europe and North America (Eurostat, QSP)
2.2 Green jobs as decent, environmentally
friendly jobs
Share of Green Jobs of the total Core
Environment-related Workforce
Share of direct Green Jobs in the total Labour Force
Source: ILO Scoping studies
… But are still few in developing countries in A & Pacific
2.2 Green jobs as decent, environmentally
friendly jobs
• In the A&P region, the key sectors for green jobs
creation under the Green Economy include:
- Agriculture, Fisheries, Forestry,
- Transport, Buildings/Construction,
- Recycling, Water management,
- Tourism,
- Finance and Enabling activities (education,
enforcement, etc.),
- others;
2.2 Green jobs as decent, environmentally
friendly jobs
Key sectors are country specific – need to
properly identify them (research & proper
piloting);
Source: IPCC
2.2 Green jobs as decent, environmentally
friendly jobs
Green segments for (direct) green jobs creation in Low
Carbon Development..
• Mobility: mass transportation
• Renewable energy
• Green social housing
• Energy & resource efficiency in buildings
• Sustainable commercial/social forestry, organic agriculture,
• Sustainable tourism, eco-tourism
…or eco-services
• Environmental services (eco-industry)
• Recycling, waste management
• Ecosystem-services (water, biodiversity, conservation, etc.)
2.2 Green jobs as decent, environmentally
friendly jobs
However, in magnitude, it is
the greening of existing
jobs and processes that will
matter most
• Labour productivity has
increased by more than 270
% over the past four Decades
• In the same period, the
productivity of raw materials
and energy increased by
much less, 100 % and 20 %
Respectively
(Example from EU 15)
2.2 Green jobs as decent, environmentally
friendly jobs
Taking into account the discussion under the Climate
Change Convention, China’s five year plan (20112016) adopted a carbon productivity target of 17 per
cent lower CO2 emissions per unit of GDP,
equivalent to a carbon productivity improvement of
20 per cent.
“Carbon productivity is driven by two key levers – energy
efficiency, which is about using less energy to generate the
same amount of economic wealth; and carbon intensity,
which is about emitting less pollution from the energy that
you use”.
2.2 Green jobs as decent, environmentally
friendly jobs
With some projections for total employment effects of low-carbon
development in major sectors for the 2005-2020 period (1’000 jobs）
Sub-sectors
Direct
Employment
Indirect
Employment
Sub-total
Afforestation &
Reforestation
7,600
11,085
18,685
Sustainable Forest
Management
188
61
Forest tourism
3,154
3,616
Thermal Power
251
29
Wind power
848
2309
3,157
Solar power
50
1,237
1,287
Iron and Steel（
2007~2011）
-200
－
-200
Green investment（2008~2011）
175
357
532
Total[1]
30,759
Sectors
Forestry
2005～2020）
Power Industry
（2005～2020）
Core Industry
249
6,770
279
Source: Chinese Academy of Social Science (CASS), 2010. The simple measurement of sum total is
only for reference, which includes incomparable data between sectors like forestry and iron and steel because
different methodology and data resources. And some of the employment data in this table is average value.
2.2 Green jobs as decent, environmentally
friendly jobs
• ‘Poles of green growth’ exist for job creation, including
for the poor in developing countries (UNCTAD, 2010),
• However, important Decent Work deficit may exist
already in many of these ‘green’ sectors,
• Consequently, investment policies in these sectors
must also focus on improving working conditions,
productivity and sustainable enterprises,
• Opportunities for win-win situations exist – they need
to be identified, studied and expanded;
Ship-breaking
Over 100,000 workers in Asia,
almost all untrained and
unprotected in an hazardous
and environmentally damaging
industry.
Not Green Jobs !
Millions of workers in Asia
involved in hazardous waste
recycling (e-waste, lead and
other heavy metals, etc.) in
the informal sector.
Recycling
2. Decent Work, Green Jobs and Sustainable
Development in Asia & the Pacific
2.1
2.2
2.3
Decent Work as a pillar of the Sustainable
Development Framework
Green jobs as decent, environmentally
friendly jobs
Section 2 – Sum up
2.3
Section 2 – Sum up
• Employment policies can contribute to a smooth
transition to more sustainable green growth
• by identifying opportunities/challenges for GJs,
• greening existing jobs and
• easing the phasing out of unsustainable jobs
• Inclusive, sustainable growth is required more than
ever, that creates and expands economic opportunities,
• brings broader access to these opportunities to ensure
that members of society can participate and benefit from
growth, and
• proposes social safety nets to prevent extreme
deprivation, including in the context of climate-related
events.
Contents
1. The environmental and employment challenges
in A & P
2. Decent Work, Green Jobs and Sustainable
Development in Asia & the Pacific
3. Challenges and opportunities for green jobs
4. Effective policies and institutions
5. Achievements and lessons learnt from Asia &
the Pacific
6. Scope for a supportive role by the ILO
7. Points for Discussion at ILC 102 (June 2013,
Geneva)
3. Challenges and opportunities for green jobs
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Employment creation
Greener jobs and the decent work-productivity
nexus
Impacts on social inclusion
Section 3 – Sum up
3.1
Employment creation
1) Environmental sustainability can be a driver of
economic growth
– Regulations, market-based mechanisms and other policy
instruments can promote green workplace practices and
investments in new green products and services
• Most studies suggest that net job creation likely to
be positive - A greener economy could lead to up to
60 million additional jobs (UNEP Green Economy report, 2011)
• Gains may be higher in emerging economies and
developing countries than in industrialized ones
3.1
Employment creation
1) But …
– At the costs of shifts in the labor market and
across sectors,
– With changes in the job competencies that are
required,
– Direct ‘environment -related jobs’ created in the
process must be green and decent i.e. green jobs;
3.1
Employment creation
2) New Jobs in ‘new’ or existing green
sectors/segments can be created through specific
policies to support growing labor demand;
• Organic food production, ecotourism, agriculture
infrastructure (irrigation), mass transport, etc.;
3.1
Employment creation
Example 1: Global Market Trends in Food Production
• Sustainable forestry certification increased by 181 % (last
5 years), 9 per cent of global forested land in 2009
• Certified sustainable coffee increased by 400% (last 5
years). 8 per cent of global coffee exports
• Sustainable tea production has grown by 5’000% (last 5
years). 7.7 per cent of global exports
• Sustainable banana sales have grown by 63 % (last two
years), 20 per cent of global exports in 2009
• So, booming world markets, starting from a very tiny
market
• Mix of job maintenance and job creation
• Africa, Americas, Asia lagging behind
UNCTAD, October 2010
3.1
Employment creation
Example 2: Ecotourism, agro-ecotourism
• early 1990s, the fastest growing sector of the tourism
industry, expanding globally between 20% and 34%
per year.
• In 2004, growing 3 times faster than the global tourism
industry as a whole (UNWTO)
• could grow to 25% of the world’s travel market, by
2012
• Large potential for job creation, youth employment
• Need to address DW issues
EcoTourism World Congress, Ventiane, 2009
3.1
Employment creation
2) But …
- The understanding of the labor market dynamics
is critical (research capacity is essential),
- Such employment policies require a high level of
integration to address the economic, labor and
environmental dimensions altogether,
- Shortages and gaps of skillful labor can hinder
new (green) job creation,
- Many of jobs are found in environment-related
sectors that have a large share of informality with
little enforcement capacity,
3.1
Employment creation
3) Most surveys and studies indicate that young men
and women are most interested and aware of green
policies and aspire to obtain jobs such as green-jobs
that can fulfill their aspirations (for the same level of
income), both in developed and developing countries,
• At a time when global youth unemployment has
reached an unprecedented scale, promoting
green jobs for youth brings a ‘double dividend’
for economic growth and youth
3.1
Employment creation
3) However,
• The youth is not adequately prepared and lacks basic
education, as well as effective mechanisms for their
smooth entry into the world of work, into green jobs, in
particular, including:
• skills anticipation/development schemes that can
benefit all, in particular young men and women,
• Training/apprenticeship programs in the green sector,
• partnership agreements with the financial sector to
encourage access to green finance for youth and SMEs
More information is available @
http://apgreenjobs.ilo.org/events/events/green-jobs-team/greengrowth-and-green-jobs-for-youth
3. Challenges and opportunities for green jobs
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Employment creation
Greener jobs and the decent work–productivity
nexus
Impacts on social inclusion
Section 3 – Sum up
3.2
Greener jobs and the decent work– productivity
nexus
1) Greener jobs through energy (and resource) efficiency
are good for business and enhance enterprise
competitiveness
•
•
“Energy efficiency is a resource that is available today and
comes with a strong business case for reducing operating
costs and risks, driving operational and technical
innovation, and opening opportunities for new products
and services”,
“In the last decade, rising and volatile energy prices
coupled with growing support for action on energy and
environmental issues has driven a surge of corporate
environmental commitments. Energy efficiency has
emerged as a key component of these commitments”,
(Source: Best Business Practices in Energy Efficiency, PEW Centre 2010)
3.2
Greener jobs and the decent work– productivity
nexus
Can be very cost effective and bring tangible climate results,
3.2
Greener jobs and the decent work– productivity
nexus
Engage positively workers,..
(Source: Best Business Practices in Energy Efficiency, PEW Centre 2010)
3.2
Greener jobs and the decent work– productivity
nexus
And come along with many other co-benefits.
Source: PEW Centre 2009
3.2
Greener jobs and the decent work– productivity
nexus
Truly:
• Greener workplace practices are often a shared concern
among workers and employers;
• They can trigger a wider process of improvement in
enterprises, which extends to different areas of operations,
including better workplace conditions, occupational health
and safety and mechanisms for cooperation;
• Integrated assistance to enterprises (beyond sole focus on
resource efficiency) to leverage synergies among different
areas of improvement, e.g. better waste management and
green procurement leading to better health and safety for
workers, improved workplace relations leading to stronger
participation in environmental initiatives and vice-versa,
etc.
3.2
Greener jobs and the decent work– productivity
nexus
Examples of enterprise improvements and results
from ILO GBA Project in the hotel sector (Thailand,
2010-2012) include:
• Well-functioning worker-manager teams with regular
meetings to identify improvement actions and review
implementation,
• Safer and better organized workspaces thanks to revived and
trained Occupational Safety and Health committees,
• Energy savings of 30% thanks to process control and workers’
participation in resource conservation
• Water and energy conservation from innovative guest
engagement initiatives, with laundry expenses down by 18%.
More information available @
http://apgreenjobs.ilo.org/resources/fact-sheet-greenbusiness-asia-project
3.2
Greener jobs and the decent work– productivity
nexus
2) Greener jobs bring opportunities for safer and
productive workplaces..
- In many ‘environment related sectors’, the addressing
of OSH and environmental issues in an overall logic of
workplace improvement can bring win-win solutions
and concrete benefits both in terms of environmental
performance and workers’ health and safety,
- This requires specific attention to OSH and
environmental risks and the integration of relevant tools
and assistance
3.2
Greener jobs and the decent work– productivity
Competitiveness and Safety
nexus
…As well as enterprise competitiveness
3.2
Greener jobs and the decent work– productivity
nexus
2) Greener jobs bring opportunities for safer and
productive workplaces..
- Labor and environmental standard complement each
other in many ‘green’ or hazardous sectors;
- Labor and environmental inspectorates can potentially
collaborate for more effective combined enforcement
of labor and environmental regulations and standards,
such as in the manufacturing sector (Cambodia), ewaste recycling (China), forestry (Indonesia), etc.;
3. Challenges and opportunities for green jobs
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Employment creation
Greener jobs and the decent work–productivity
nexus
Impacts on social inclusion
Section 3 – Sum up
3.3
Impacts on social inclusion
3) Green technologies and green economy transitions
may offer possibilities for greater social inclusion,
poverty reduction, in particular for women;
• E.g. Improving access to affordable renewable energy
to the 1.3 billion people globally without electricity
access and the 2.7 billion without modern cooking
energy;
• 70% of the electricity needs are cheapest met through
renewable energy powered mini-grids (65%) and offgrid technology (45%) (IFC);
• Cooperatives are a powerful social as well as economic
enterprise to overcome structural barriers to energy
access and development;
3.3
Impacts on social inclusion
3) Green technologies and green economy transitions
may offer possibilities for greater social inclusion,
poverty reduction, in particular for women;
• Example: Renewable energy are more labor intensive
per unit of power produced than fossil based
sources;
• Manufacturing costs are also decreasing dramatically
(from $1.29 p/W in 2009 to $0.42 p/W in 2015 for
solar panel production costs);
• Keeping demand high, despite subsidies progressive
removal in many countries;
• However, it will take still a few years before solar
power (for ex.) can reach ‘grid parity’;
3.3
Impacts on social inclusion
Green Jobs in renewable energy & energy efficiency
Job intensity
Building
Refurbishment
Long-Term cost
CO2
Security of
reduction
reduction supply
High
Moderate
High
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
High
Wind, solar
High
High
Smart Metering
High
High
Low
Moderate
Battery Development Moderate
High
High
High
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
Switch to clearer car
Clean Energy R&D
CCS
Moderate Moderate
Moderate Moderate
High
Moderate
Source: IEA, 2009
3. Challenges and opportunities for green jobs
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Employment creation
Greener jobs and the decent work-productivity
nexus
Impacts on social inclusion
Section 3 – Sum up
3.4
Section 3 – Sum up
• The green race in A&P has started, with great
disparity between countries and sectors;
• A better understanding of the dynamics of the
green economy is required at the regional level
and the national level to be able to anticipate
shifts in the labor market, and assess demand for
changing skills needs, etc.;
• Growing demand for green goods and services in
the A&P region brings the prospect of net,
although limited, employment benefits. Great
care needs to be put on job quality in sectors
which traditionally have poor Decent Work
records;
3.4
Section 3 – Sum up
• On the labor supply side, employment and skill
mismatch, including youth skills mismatch, are of
increasing concern;
• The greening of enterprises contributes to the
building of sustainable enterprises. The ‘greening’
process can bring documented, tangible benefits
in terms of productivity, working conditions and
involvement of workers at the workplace;
• ‘To go green’ is not an option anymore in the A&P
region. The greening of enterprises is important
for the protection of existing jobs;
Contents
1. The environmental and employment challenges
in A & P
2. Decent Work, Green Jobs and Sustainable
Development in Asia & the Pacific
3. Challenges and opportunities for green jobs
4. Effective policies and institutions
5. Achievements and lessons learnt from Asia &
the Pacific
6. Scope for a supportive role by the ILO
7. Points for Discussion at ILC 102 (June 2013,
Geneva)
4. Effective policies and institutions
4.1
4.2
4.3
Country-specific policy mixes for more and
better jobs in a green economy
Policy coherence through social dialogue
Section 4 – Sum up
4.1 Country-specific policy mixes for more
and better jobs in a green economy
1) Key policy areas include Macroeconomic fiscal and
monetary policies.
• Example, Green policies (carbon tax) could raise
employment globally by 14 million in a period of
5 years,
- even without technological change,
- if carbon tax benefits were used to cut labor taxes
(International Labor Institute Annual report, 2009)
4.1 Country-specific policy mixes for more
and better jobs in a green economy
But, need coherence between economic, employment and
environmental policies to maximise net impact on jobs
- Tax incentives to low carbon industries to promote
employment
- Tax revenue from high carbon sectors used to
- Reduce labour tax in low carbon industries
- Target specific groups and green sectors,
enhancing skills
- Subsidized credit, other support to SMEs in the
green sector
- Skills anticipation and skill development support to
green sector
4.1 Country-specific policy mixes for more
and better jobs in a green economy
• And, according to ILO estimates, % (2009), Jobs
in the high carbon sectors that are directly
exposed to low-carbon policies and may evolve
with time represent:
- 39 % of the global labor force,
- and 33 % in developing countries because of
the large agricultural sectors which are
classified as less carbon intensive
• Fossil fuel sources of energy (oil, coal, gas) may
be also subsidized in some countries in the
region, removal of these subsidies remaining a
key challenge;
Removal of subsidies on fossil fuel sources of energy
Sources: IMF, 2013, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, International Energy
Agency, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, IMF World Economic Outlook,
and World Bank.
But subsidies removal may raise concerns regarding the
adverse impact on the poor
• Although most of the benefits from energy subsidies
are captured by higher-income groups, energy price
increases can still have a substantial adverse impact on
the real incomes of the poor, both through higher
energy costs of cooking, heating, lighting, and personal
transport, as well as higher prices for other goods and
services, including food,
• This is an important consideration for countries that
do not have a well-functioning social safety net that is
capable of effectively protecting the poor from the
adverse impact of higher energy prices.
4.1 Country-specific policy mixes for more
and better jobs in a green economy
And the need for coherent, progressive subsidy
removal strategy:
• Experience shows that subsidy reform must be
accompanied by specific measures to mitigate the
impact of price increases on the poor,
• Example: price increases should initially be
concentrated on products that are less important for
poor household budgets;
• Social safety nets need to be tailored to specific
needs of the most affected;
4.1 Country-specific policy mixes for more
and better jobs in a green economy
2) Sectoral and industrial policies are critical for jobs
creation
• Experience of the green stimulus packages (2008 crisis)
G20 Green Stimulus package (US$Bn)
Source: HSBC Global Research, UNEP
4.1 Country-specific policy mixes for more
and better jobs in a green economy
The need for linking Green Jobs employment creation
targets to investments and sector based policies
Korea Green New Deal: employment targetting
4.1 Country-specific policy mixes for more
and better jobs in a green economy
4.1 Country-specific policy mixes for more
and better jobs in a green economy
3) Social Security/Employment
garantee schemes in the context of
inclusive, environmentally sustainable
development
India, South Africa, Haiti
• Social security and anti-poverty
schemes
• Public works programmes
• Environmental rehabilitation
• Adaptation climate change
• Potential ~100 m jobs/y
• Should the jobs created be Decent
Work !
4.1 Country-specific policy mixes for more
and better jobs in a green economy
4) Active labour market policies
• Example: Skills for green jobs
•
•
Skills shortages already pose a major barrier to transitions to
green economies and green job creation
- In certain sectors and occupations
- Particular core skills
- Multi-skillling requirements
Why are there shortages?
- Underestimated growth of some sectors, such as for green
technologies
- General lack of scientists and engineers
- National skill structure which does not meet skills demand
- Low reputation of sectors – failure to attract trainees
4.1 Country-specific policy mixes for more
and better jobs in a green economy
• Example: Skills for green jobs
• Quantitative and qualitative changes
• Skill content for occupations to become greener is far
from being uniform across countries
• Many changes relate to knowledge about regulation
and new technologies, some to new markets and
demand
• Emerging occupations more often require higher level
qualifications
• Changes in existing occupations happen more often at
the low and medium-skill level
• Gender dimension
4.1 Country-specific policy mixes for more
and better jobs in a green economy
• Example: Skills for green jobs
• Transitions to greener economies impact skill needs. Skills
shortages may prevent successful implementation of
environmental policies.
• Policy coherence between environment and skills policies
have still a long way to go
• Most change occurs in the composition of existing
occupations. Vocational education and training is caching
up less efficiently than higher education
• Effective responses are targeted, at industry level,
through PPPs, and coherent multi-level cooperation
• Key role for identification and anticipation of skill needs!
4.1 Country-specific policy mixes for more
and better jobs in a green economy
5) The piloting of the economy to green labourintensive sectors will be influenced by demographics.
• For “labour-poor” countries, the challenge will be to
create highly skilled positions and train or find
workers in technology driven industries,
• the challenge for labour-rich countries will be to
create jobs that can absorb the large young labour
force in excess, and foster decent work with real
income gains,
• In this context, ‘green policies’ will need to be
adjusted to achieve the objectives of full employment
and decent work for all in the region.
4.1 Country-specific policy mixes for more
and better jobs in a green economy
Change in working populations (15-24) from 2005 to 2020
225,000
200,000
175,000
125,000
100,000
75,000
50,000
25,000
Japan
Singapore
Republif of Korea
Australia
Thailand
Malaysia
Saudi Arabia
Vietnam
Egypt
Philippines
Indonesia
Bangladesh
Pakistan
-25,000
China
0
India
(thousand)
150,000
Sources: World Population Prospects in Asia & Pacific, United Nations Population Division.
4. Effective policies and institutions
4.1
4.2
4.3
Country-specific policy mixes for more and
better jobs in a green economy
Policy coherence through social dialogue
Section 4 – Sum up
4.2
Policy coherence through social dialogue
• Social dialogue is essential to ensure a just, smooth
transition for workers and enterprises towards a jobrich , sustainable economy with Decent Work for All;
• Preliminary examples exist in the region of
participation of social partners in planning process;
• India Green Jobs Task Force chaired by DOLE;
• Climate Change Action Plan of The Philippines
• Malaysian Road Map on Green Jobs;
• Employment Policy in Sri Lanka;
• Decret on the creation of Employment Office
addressing green jobs, Fiji;
• Each country follows its own path;
4.2
Policy coherence through social dialogue
Examples of inter-ministerial working groups or
national task forces dedicated to green job promotion
• In Malaysia, Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water
(KeTTHA) and Ministry of Human Resources (MOHR) facilitate
inter-ministerial coordination on employment issues and
green growth through Joint Secretariat of the Working Group
on Green Jobs.
• In the Philippines, an ad hoc Working Group for a Green Jobs
Task Force.
• In India a multi-stakeholder Task Force on Green Jobs set up
under the chairmanship of the Labour Authorities.
• Nepal, 12-member multi-stakeholder National Task Force
(NTF) was formed under the chairmanship of Secretary of
Ministry of Labour and Employment.
4.2
Policy coherence through social dialogue
Some examples of integration of employment dimension
into green policies and the green dimension of labor
policies in Asia
4.2
Policy coherence through social dialogue
Some examples of integration of employment dimension
into green policies and the green dimension of labor
policies in Asia
4.2
Policy coherence through social dialogue
Some examples of integration of employment dimension
into green policies and the green dimension of labor
policies in Asia
4.2
Policy coherence through social dialogue
Some examples of integration of employment dimension
into green policies and the green dimension of labor
policies in Asia
4. Effective policies and institutions
4.1
4.2
4.3
Country-specific policy mixes for more and
better jobs in a green economy
Policy coherence through social dialogue
Section 4 – Sum up
4.3
Section 4 – Sum up
• Green Jobs policies require a high degree of policy
integration which call upon expertise and mandate
which go beyond the competence of the actors of the
world of work;
• At the same time, well integrated green, labour and
economic policies can only be guaranteed if social
partners are associated at planning and
implementation stages;
• Those actually implementing on the ground the
climate and other policies are the social partners;
• Progress has been made in promoting social dialogue
in this new area of work but there is still a long way
to go, including on the international stage;
Contents
1. The environmental and employment challenges
in in Asia & the Pacific
2. Decent Work, Green Jobs and Sustainable
Development in Asia & the Pacific
3. Challenges and opportunities for green jobs
4. Effective policies and institutions
5. Achievements and lessons learnt from Asia &
the Pacific
6. Scope for a supportive role by the ILO
7. Points for Discussion at ILC 102 (June 2013,
Geneva)
5. Achievements and lessons learnt from green jobs
activities in Asia & the Pacific
5.1
5.2
5.3
Conclusions of the 15th APRM, Kyoto, 03-07
December 2011;
Conclusions of the A&P regional tripartite
Green Jobs Conference, Surabaya, August
2012;
Lessons learnt from green jobs activities in the
region
5.1 Conclusions of the 15th APRM, Dec. 2011, Kyoto
The meeting was the opportunity for Labor Ministers and
Heads of delegations to discuss for the first time in the
region the issue of green jobs and greener growth. The
following policy conclusions were reached:
Meeting the demand for decent work
• We are also increasingly aware of the impact economic
development is having on our often fragile natural
environment. Efforts across the region to address the
effects of climate change and the greening of our
economies hold great potential for increased
opportunities for decent work (Concl.22);
5.1 Conclusions of the 15th APRM, Dec. 2011, Kyoto
Economic, employment and social policies
• Working to ensure that decent work and full
employment are at the heart of polices for strong,
sustainable and balanced growth and inclusive
development (Concl.31);
Sustainable enterprises, productive employment and
skills development
• Improving the enabling environment for sustainable
enterprises, as important to creating the decent work
opportunities our region needs (Concl.39)
5.1 Conclusions of the 15th APRM, Dec. 2011, Kyoto
Sustainable enterprises, productive employment and
skills development (cont.)
• Promoting a well-designed transparent, accountable
and well-communicated regulatory environment for
business, including regulations that uphold labour and
environmental standards (Concl.40).
• Promoting greener growth and green jobs, consistent
with maintaining economic and social sustainability
(Concl.51)
• Improving disaster preparedness and response
capacity with a particular focus on the employment
and social dimensions of relief and reconstruction
(Concl.53)
5.1 Conclusions of the 15th APRM, Dec. 2011, Kyoto
Rights at work and social dialogue
• Making full use of social dialogue to anticipate and
address labour market changes, including those that
will come with the transition to low-carbon
economies (Concl.58)
Main Outcomes on green jobs from 15th APRM, Dec.
2011, Kyoto.
1. Green Jobs is prioritized under the labor agenda in
Asia & the Pacific (the First/Only ILO region having
done so, so far);
2. Today, the challenge in the A&P region is less,
- whether constituents should address the need
for green/greener jobs,
- but rather, how ?
Main Outcomes on green jobs from 15th APRM, Dec.
2011, Kyoto.
3. ‘Green Jobs’ is understood as a cross-cutting issue,
which is relevant to ALL clusters under the regional
labor agenda, namely:
- Decent work
- Economic, employment and social policies
- Sustainable enterprises, productive
employment and skills development
- Rights at work and social dialogue
More information is available @
http://apgreenjobs.ilo.org/events/events/resources/meeting-resources/ilo15th-asia-and-the-pacific-regional-meeting-aprm-december-2011
5. Achievements and lessons learnt from green jobs
activities in Asia & the Pacific
5.1
5.2
5.3
Conclusions of the 15th APRM, Kyoto, 03-07
December 2011;
Conclusions of the A&P regional tripartite
Green Jobs Conference, Surabaya, August
2012;
Lessons learnt from green jobs activities in the
region
5.2
Conclusions of the A&P regional tripartite
Green Jobs Conference, Surabaya, August 2012;
The Regional tripartite Green Jobs Conference (Surabaya,
August 2012) attended by 11 countries in the region set
some “priorities for action” and came up with the following
sets of recommendations of each group:
Government group
1. Research, and Policy Development, Implementation and
Monitoring
2. Mechanisms for policy coordination and dialogue
3. Platforms for social dialogue
4. Mechanisms on sharing/ exchanging knowledge and good
practices bilaterally and regionally
5. Guidelines on standard development
5.2
Conclusions of the A&P regional tripartite
Green Jobs Conference, Surabaya, August 2012;
Employers group
1. Continued awareness raising and social dialogue
2. Mainstreaming green jobs into policy
3. Build the knowledge infrastructure (research,
definitions, metrics, diagnostic, statistics,
ISO/ILO working on standards).
4. Document, showcase and replicate best practices.
Extend demonstration projects to more
sectors. Highlight the business – benefits employers will
accrue.
5. Capacity building and training
5.2
Conclusions of the A&P regional tripartite
Green Jobs Conference, Surabaya, August 2012;
Workers group
On awareness raising and capacity building:
1. Develop tailored materials and activities targeting all
social partners, including trade union leadership, union
advisers and workers at the shop floor, and rely on
local experts.
2. Ensure materials incorporate ‘the basics’ of
environmental challenges and their relationship
with workers’ interests.
3. Promote integration of informal sector workers in all
activities.
5.2
Conclusions of the A&P regional tripartite
Green Jobs Conference, Surabaya, August 2012;
Workers group
When it comes to demonstration projects, it is key that
in the future:
1. There is a consultation with all the three constituents
at the country level on the sectors and location of the
projects.
2. There is real involvement of unions in all aspects of
the project’s implementation, including evaluation and
ILO constituents are beneficiaries of the project.
3. Projects support efforts towards formalization of
workers and improving working conditions in all the
dimensions of the DW agenda.
5.2
Conclusions of the A&P regional tripartite
Green Jobs Conference, Surabaya, August 2012;
Workers group
When it comes to demonstration projects, it is key that
in the future:
4. Focus on sectors which represent a challenge for the
environment in the countries, such as manufacturing,
mining, etc.
5. There is continuous support for projects until they
reach self-sustainability, and there is an
‘exit’ strategy for the ILO. The evaluation should be
made public.
5.2
Conclusions of the A&P regional tripartite
Green Jobs Conference, Surabaya, August 2012;
Workers group
Finally, on policy, the Green Jobs Initiative should
1. Promote public policies on environmental protection
which would make real the job potential of green jobs
projects and mainstream them in development planning.
2. Assess the employment and distributional impacts of
environmental degradation as well as of environmental
policies.
3. Support the development and strengthen social
protection systems, in order to secure incomes of those
whose jobs and livelihoods might be at risk as a
consequence of environmental changes/policies.
5.2
Conclusions of the A&P regional tripartite
Green Jobs Conference, Surabaya, August 2012;
Workers group
Finally, on policy, the Green Jobs Initiative should
4. Bring environmental issues to social dialogue structures,
and develop partnerships with communities, NGO and
academia.
5. Support local strategies to create alternative sources of
jobs and livelihoods for regions that might suffer from the
transition towards sustainability.
6. At the international level, it should develop a standard
on green jobs which would identify roles and
responsibilities in the transition towards sustainability and
define the boundaries of green jobs work.
5.2
Conclusions of the A&P regional tripartite
Green Jobs Conference, Surabaya, August 2012;
Summary of the conference prepared jointly by the
tripartite Constituents
In the final wrap-up session at the plenary, the following
points were also highlighted.
• Policy discussions around the concept and boundaries of
green jobs in order to strengthen the
awareness of constituents and the general public and
further guide actions.
• Mapping of green jobs at national level and
identification of the potential for the greening of jobs and
creation of new jobs3.
5.2
Conclusions of the regional tripartite
Green Jobs Conference, Surabaya, August 2012;
• Reinforced social dialogue as a way to promote green
jobs.
• Consolidation of examples of good practices and the
business case for the promotion of green jobs from
governments, trade unions and employers organizations in
the region (and beyond).
• Training and capacity building targeting ILO constituents
• The mainstreaming of green jobs into ILO led activities
with constituents, as necessary, i.e. skills, local economic
development, social protection and social finance.
More information is available @
http://apgreenjobs.ilo.org/events/events/green-jobs-team/greenjobs-in-asia-regional-conference
5. Achievements and lessons learnt from Asia & the
Pacific
5.1
5.2
5.3
Conclusions of the 15th APRM, Kyoto, 03-07
December 2011;
Conclusions of the A&P regional tripartite
Green Jobs Conference, Surabaya, August
2012;
Achievements and lessons learnt from green
jobs activities in the region
5.3 Achievements and lessons learnt from
the green jobs activities in the region
• Demonstration that Green Jobs can be a good vector
of tripartite collaboration when dealing with such
issues as working conditions and productivity, skills at
the
work
place,
green
entrepreneurship,
environmental protection & resource efficiency;
• The recognition of the importance and relevance of
the role of the World of Work at all levels of decision
making;
• Demonstration that environment and job creation can
be mutually supportive;
5.3 Achievements and lessons learnt from the Green
Jobs Initiative in Asia & the Pacific
• Green Jobs remains a new topic, requires time for
Constituents to absorb, and for new collaborations
and partnerships (MENV, Energy, CC Councils, etc.);
• Specific training required for Constituents, tailored
to their needs for integrating GJ into national
agendas;
• Clarification
needed
on
definitions
and
classifications of green jobs;
• Adaptation to climate change is a priority in the
region for local communities, enterprises and local
governments, including at the work place (climate
resilient enterprises);
5.3 Achievements and lessons learnt from the Green
Jobs Initiative in Asia & the Pacific
• Opportunities exist in each country for more Green
Jobs, including for the poor;
• High number of requests from traditional partners,
and non traditional ones which can not all be
addressed;
• Need for ILO to build on existing Tools and programs
(greening, create few new ones);
• Potential for accessing new sources of funds to the
benefit of ILO Constituents (GEF, REDD+, others, );
5.3 Achievements and lessons learnt from the Green
Jobs Initiative in Asia & the Pacific
• Recognition of the Need for a Just Transition for
workers and enterprises to adapt to a changing
environment;
• The green transition has started in the region and
globally – great disparity in Asia & the Pacific
between countries, sectors;
• Green jobs is becoming more central to the policy
agenda in many countries;
5.3 Achievements and lessons learnt from the Green
Jobs Initiative in Asia & the Pacific
“We knew about the environment but not
about green jobs. ILO has shown us the way”
Mr. S. Alam, Representative of Ministry of
Environment, Bangladesh
“’Green’ is new, let alone
‘green jobs’, but all companies
and employers are facing it.
ILO is the only organization
active on green jobs here”.
Mr. Ishak, APINDO,
Employers federation,
Indonesia
Contents
1. The environmental and employment challenges
in A & P
2. Decent Work, Green Jobs and Sustainable
Development in Asia & the Pacific
3. Challenges and opportunities for green jobs
4. Effective policies and institutions
5. Achievements and lessons learnt from Asia &
the Pacific
6. Scope for a supportive role by the ILO
7. Points for Discussion at ILC 102 (June 2013,
Geneva)
6. Scope for a supportive role by the ILO
6.1
6.2
6.3
Green jobs as a recognized cross-cutting
issue and a full component of the labor
agenda (APRM 15)
ILO Decent Work Country Programs
ILO support to South-South Cooperation
6.1 Green jobs as a recognized cross-cutting issue
and a full component of the labor agenda
Employment
Services
The labour market shifts induced by the impact of climate
change and its related policies must be studied
(researched through modeling), anticipated and
monitored. Need for integrated employment services.
Social
Dialogue
Realizing the objectives of climate mitigation policies and
other environmental policies and grabbing opportunities
will depend on the extensive use of the ILO tools of social
dialogue with industry and trade union.
Sustainable
Enterprise
While these apply to all enterprises, adjusting to climate
change will require a particular focus on SMEs which are
likely to face significant information deficits, and also face
financial constraints. 2007 ILC on Sustainable Enterprise.
Energy-resource efficiency policies/programs through
social dialogue.
Occupational Investments and employment promotion policies in green
Safety and
sectors and greening sectors will require a focus on
Health
occupational safety and health (ILO standards)
6.1 Green jobs as a recognized cross-cutting issue
and a full component of the labor agenda
Disaster
Capacity of intervention in the context of climate related
Management disasters, including enterprise resilience.
Employment
Intensive
Env.t related
Programs
Government driven policies in employment intensive
investment programs are important tools for adapting to
climate change (Adaptation+DW). ILO EIIP, national
prorgams such as NREGA (India), Working for Water
Program (South Africa), Green Belt Movement (Kenya),
Retrofitting public program (Germany, US,), etc.
Social
Protection
Climate change will exacerbate the needs through, higher
frequency of severe weather events, the higher rate of job
turnover, and the needs of low-skilled workers in energy
intensive sectors.
Skills
Surging and anticipation of demand of new skills,
transformation and expansion of existing ones, such as in
‘greening’ existing processes and the creation of new green
jobs.
6.1 Green jobs as a recognized cross-cutting issue
and a full component of the labor agenda
Migration
Climate variability & climate change migration. “Dignified”
migration in PICs that are due to disappear.
Standards
and Rights
Example: The climate change gender double deficit,
whereby women suffer most from the adverse impact of
climate change and, women benefit less than men from
the climate responses which focus mainly on male
dominated sectors such as construction, energy, and
transport.
Job creation
Green entrepreneurship policies and programs,
addressing the needs of different target groups including
young educated women and men, laid-off workers and
migrant workers
Social
finance
Micro-finance for self employed and entrepreneurs is key
to facilitate enterprise development and job creation,
along side with skills development, entrepreneurship and
cooperative development.
6. Scope for a supportive role by the ILO
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Green jobs as a recognized cross-cutting
issue and a full component of the labor
agenda (APRM 15)
ILO Decent Work Country Programs
Sector based approach
ILO support to South-South Cooperation.
One example from the region
6.2
ILO Decent Work Country Programs
Decent Work Country Programs
• See examples from the region under section
4.2;
• ILO has the ability to engage its Specialists into
supporting
the
office
network
on
green/greening of jobs, in particular on matters
related
to
Enterprise
Development,
Employment Policy, Vocational Training, social
dialogue, OSH and labor rights;
• Need to further strengthen the ILO capacity
6. Scope for a supportive role by the ILO
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Green jobs as a recognized cross-cutting
issue and a full component of the labor
agenda (APRM 15)
ILO Decent Work Country Programs
Sector based approach
ILO support to South-South Cooperation.
One example from the region
6.3
Sector based approach
• ILO develops a sector based integrated approach
regarding greening;
• Key priority sectors globally include recycling,
construction, energy, tourism;
• Integrated product line that includes:
• ILO Policy briefs, support to regional
integrated policies and programs, country
projects, Information material, and training
material covering competency based training,
OSH, formalization processes and value chain
development, entrepreneurship, etc.;
6.3
Sector based approach
• Example Recycling
• ILO Wide/Regional Integrated product line under
development includes:
• ILO Policy briefs and ILO Global Strategy for
decent work in recycling (under development);
• 2013 3Rs Hanoi Declaration (on Reduce,
Recycling, and Reuse);
• E-waste Study (China), municipal waste VCD
Study (Sri Lanka);
• Entrepreneurship Training Material in the
recycling economy (China GBO, Indonesia IGEP);
6.3
Sector based approach
• Example Recycling
• ILO Wide/Regional Integrated product line under
development includes:
• OSH training, e.g. WARM and WARM II in PICs
and Sri Lanka);
• Development of OSH regulatory framework and
competency based training for recycling (Sri
Lanka);
• E-waste formalization pilot project (China,
pending);
• Etc.;
6.3
Sector based approach
• Example Recycling - 2013 3Rs Hanoi Declaration (on
Reducing, Recycling, and Reuse)
• 30 countries from A & P (22+8) expressed their resolve
to voluntarily develop, introduce and implement policy
options, programmes, and projects towards realizing 33
sustainable 3R goals in the region, encompassing:
• creation of Decent Work;
• greening of the value chain;
• increase resource efficiency and productivity;
• Promote green and socially responsible
procurement;
6.3
Sector based approach
• Example Recycling - 2013 3Rs Hanoi Declaration (cont.)
• gradually improve the working conditions and
livelihood security, including mandatory provision
of health insurance for all workers;
• health and safety aspects;
• Eliminate child labor;
• Organize labor inspections in the informal sector;
• Etc.
More information available @
http://apgreenjobs.ilo.org/events/events/events/fourth-regional-3r-forumin-asia-from-18-to-20-march-2013-in-ha-noi-viet-nam
6. Scope for a supportive role by the ILO
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Green jobs as a recognized cross-cutting
issue and a full component of the labor
agenda (APRM 15)
ILO Decent Work Country Programs
Sector based approach
ILO support to South-South Cooperation.
One example from the region.
6.3 ILO Support to South-South Cooperation
IBSA Meeting, March 2012, Delhi
• The International Conference on South-South
Cooperation
on
"Innovations
in
Public
Employment Programs and Sustainable Inclusive
Growth" was held in New Delhi, India from 1-3
March 2012 under the aegis of IBSA. The
Conference was organized by the Ministry of Labor
& Employment in collaboration with the Ministries
of Rural Development and External Affairs, with
the technical collaboration of the ILO.
• 40 delegates from 22 countries from Asia, Africa
and South America participated in the Conference.
6.3 ILO Support to South-South Cooperation
Conclusions of the IBSA Meeting, March 2012, Delhi
1. Recognized the need for promoting Decent Work and
more Effective Public Employment and Social Protection
Programs through South-South Triangular Cooperation
through ILO;
2. Recalled the 4th IBSA Summit Joint Declaration
adopted in Brasilia on 15 April 2010, when the Prime
Minister of India, the President of Brazil and the
President of South Africa reiterated the need to
promote a job-intensive recovery from the downturn
and create a framework for sustainable growth and their
support for the Global Jobs Pact;
6.3 ILO Support to South-South Cooperation
Conclusions of the IBSA Meeting, March 2012, Delhi
3. (..)
4. Recognized progress made in countries of the South
in developing innovative solutions to the challenges of
poverty and decent work gaps, such as India’s
Mahatma Gandhi’s National Rural Employment
Guarantee Scheme
(MGNREGA), South Africa’s
Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) and
Brazil’s Bolsa Familia;
6.3 ILO Support to South-South Cooperation
Recommendations of the IBSA Meeting, March 2012,
Delhi
1. To further develop and promote south-south and
triangular cooperation in order to contribute effectively
to the implementation of the Decent Work Agenda and
its strategic objectives through the building of
partnerships and exchanging of experiences in the fields
of employment, social protection, rights at work and
social dialogue;
2. To enhance policy dialogue and exchanges between
India, Brazil, South Africa and all countries of the South
and the ILO;
6.3 ILO Support to South-South Cooperation
Recommendations of the IBSA Meeting, March 2012,
Delhi
3. To better appreciate the range of policy issues
relevant to public employment programs/employment
guarantees, green jobs and other innovative social
protection schemes;
4. To provide and obtain guidance on the design of
effective policies and programs and exchange these
experiences among countries of the South; and,
5. To support and work with ILO’s South-South and
Triangular Cooperation Initiative to foster greater
solidarity and enhance equality among countries and
peoples in the world of work.
Contents
1. The environmental and employment challenges
in A & P
2. Decent Work, Green Jobs and Sustainable
Development in Asia & the Pacific
3. Challenges and opportunities for green jobs
4. Effective policies and institutions
5. Achievements and lessons learnt from Asia &
the Pacific
6. Scope for a supportive role by the ILO
7. Points for Discussion at ILC 102 (June 2013,
Geneva)
7. Points for Discussion at ILC 102
1. What are the opportunities for more green
and decent jobs?
2. What are the challenges arising from new
regulations and price increases of energy and
scarce resources? How will the incorporation
of carbon as a cost (e.g. through eco-tax) affect
different groups in the labour market?
3. What lessons from other transitions due to
globalization, automation, ICT and related
productivity increases?
7. Points for Discussion at ILC 102 (cont.)
4. What policies and institutions can facilitate
a just transition and minimize negative
effects on jobs and enterprises?
5. Which priorities for the work of ILO? What
means of action?
6. What roles for Member States and the social
partners?
For additional information please see:
http://www.ilo.org/asia/areas/green-jobs/lang-en/index.htm
http://apgreenjobs.ilo.org/