Banking crises
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Transcript Banking crises
Banking Crises
Fin254f: Spring 2010
Lecture notes 2.2a
Readings: Reinhart and
Rogoff(10)
Outline
Bank run theory
Location and frequency of runs
Crises and financial liberalization
Capital flow “bonanzas”
Comovements
Equity prices
Real estate
Capacity
Consequences
Types of Banking Crises
Repressed
Bank
runs
financial systems
Repressed Financial Systems
(Emerging markets)
Developing
countries
Government controls most banking
Force consumers to save at banks
Force banks to buy government debt
Government defaults
Wipes out depositors
Bank Runs
(Anywhere)
What
is a bank?
Bank
Borrows short term (deposits)
Lends long term (assets/loan portfolio)
Investment
banks, Shadow banking,
hedge funds …
Classic Bank Run
Depositors
lose confidence
Withdraw funds
Banks forced to sell assets (loan
portfolio)
“Fire sale”/distressed/low prices
Bank
can run out of assets and go
bankrupt
Two Cases
Insolvent bank
Solvent bank
Bank was bankrupt anyway
Liabilities>Assets
“liquidity crises”
Can’t cover short term debt, but basically has
good loans (assets)
Can still be shut down
Bad economic disruption
Which one is difficult to tell
One Last Question
What
is a bank?
Policies to Stop Runs
Deposit
insurance
Larger banks bailout smaller ones
Clever temporary mergers
Direct government assistance
Banks and Recessions
Pretty
strong connections
Bernanke, 1930s
1/2 of all US banks fail
Credit
constrained models, or credit
channel models of business cycles
Outline
Bank run theory
Location and frequency of runs
Crises and financial liberalization
Capital flow “bonanzas”
Comovements
Equity prices
Real estate
Capacity
Consequences
Fraction of Time in Banking
Crisis (Independence(or 1800)
-> 2008)
Tables
10.1 and 10.2
Developing
Kenya 19.6%,Nigeria 10.2, Zambia 2.2,
Argentina 8.8, Russia 1.0 Mexico 9.7,
China 9.1, Japan, 8.1, Singapore, 2.3,
India 8.6
Developed
France 11.5, Netherlands 1.9, Germany
6.6, UK 9.2, Canada 8.5, US 13
Frequency of Banking Crises
Developing
Nigeria 1, China 10, India 6, Egypt 3,
Japan 8, Singapore 1, Argentina 9, Brazil
11, Chile 7, Mexico 7
Developed
Germany 8, Greece 2, UK 12, France 15,
US 13, Canada 8, New Zealand 1
Summary
Both
developed and developing
countries
All regions
Crises and Liberalization
Figure
10.1
Obstfeld-Taylor index of capital mobility
3
Arbitrary guess at global capital status
year moving average of countries with
banking crises
Banking crises probabilities higher after
financial liberalization
Capital Flows and Banking
Crises
Sustained
capital inflow
“Capital Bonanza”
Three year inflows before crisis
Cutoff at 20 percentile (for each country)
Over threshold then Bonanza
Banking Crises and
Bonanza’s
Table
10.7
Prob(Crises) = 0.132
Prob(Crises | Bonanza) = 0.184
Share of countries where conditional
prob is greater than unconditional =
0.609
Outline
Bank run theory
Location and frequency of runs
Crises and financial liberalization
Capital flow “bonanzas”
Comovements
Equity prices
Real estate
Capacity
Consequences
Comovements:
House Prices and Bank Crises
Table
10.8
House price cycles coincide with
banking crisis years
Magnitudes in price declines similar
between developed and developing
countries
Comovements:
Equity Prices and Bank Crises
Figure 10.2
Peak in year t-1
Recovery started by t+2, nearly full recovery
by t+3
Much shorter than real estate
Two recent examples of “no crisis” stock
market movements
Crash of 87
IT bubble in 2001
Comovements:
Equity Prices and Bank Crises
Figure
10.3: Number of banks around
great depression
1976-1985: US Financial/GDP = 4.9%
1996-2005: US Financial/GDP = 7.5%
Outline
Bank run theory
Location and frequency of runs
Crises and financial liberalization
Capital flow “bonanzas”
Comovements
Equity prices
Real estate
Capacity
Consequences
Bailout Costs
Difficult
See table 10.9
Argentina (High 55, Low 4 ) % of GDP
Some types of bailouts payoff eventually
GDP
growth
Figure 10.4
Central
to measure
government revenue
Figure 10.6, 10.8
Government Debt
Government
debt levels, fig 10.10
Increase in Debt (100 = start)
Average 3 year increase to 186.3
Ignores state level debt
Summary
Crisis
are not limited to
The past
Emerging markets
Pretty
common
Patterns similar