Transcript Chapter 9 - McGraw Hill Higher Education - McGraw

Chapter 9
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
Chapter 9
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Learning Objectives
After this chapter you should be able to:
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2.
3.
4.
5.
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9.
Define and discuss GDP.
Explain how GDP is measured.
List and illustrate the two things to avoid when compiling GDP.
Distinguish among Gross Domestic Product, Net Domestic
Product, and National Income.
Compare and contrast nominal GDP and real GDP, and compute
real GDP.
Discuss how our GDP compares to those of other nations.
Calculate per capita GDP.
List and explain the shortcomings of GDP as a measure of
national economic well-being.
Explain and analyze the Gross Progress Index and compare it to
GDP.
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What Is GDP?
 GDP is an indicator of national output (production).
 GDP is measured by counting the nation’s
expenditures on all FINAL goods and services
produced during the year at market prices.

Final goods and services includes only those goods and
services that consumers, businesses, and governments buy for
their own use.
•
•
Counts production of cars by Japanese and German carmakers
within the U.S. as exports.
Does not count production of cars by U.S. carmaker in Mexico.
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GDP = C + I + G + Xn
GDP in 2009 = 10,089 + 1,629 +
2,931 - 392
GDP in 2009 = 14.256 trillion
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Components of GDP in 2012
9-5
Components as Percent of Total GDP
in 2012
9-6
Questions for Thought and Reflection
 Why does the Bureau of Economic Analysis only
count final goods and services in GDP?

How does the price of the final good or service reflect the cost
of the inputs or intermediate goods?
 What is the largest category of expenditures in the
United States? Is this a good or bad thing?
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Other Measures of National Output
GDP = C + I + G + Xn

Net Domestic Product (NDP) =GDP – Depreciation

National Income = NDP – Indirect business taxes and
subsidies
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Two Things to Avoid When Compiling GDP
 Multiple counting
 Only expenditures on final products—what consumers,
businesses, and government units buy for their own use belong
in GDP.
•
Intermediate goods are not counted.
 Transfer Payments
 Are NOT payments for currently produced goods and services.
•
When they are spent for final goods and services they will go into
GDP as consumer spending or C.
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The Value-added Approach to Measuring GDP
Because only the value-added is counted, this method also avoids multiple
counting.
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Deflating the GDP to Get Real GDP
 Nominal GDP is value of the final goods and
services produced in a given year valued at that
year’s prices.
 Real GDP is Nominal GDP corrected for inflation in
order to measure actual production.

If Nominal GDP increases from 2011 to 2012, some of this
may be because the prices of goods and services increased.
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GDP in Billions of Dollars 1930–2012
Nominal GDP increases may be due to increases in production and/or
price increases.
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How Real GDP is Calculated
 Formula:
 Nominal GDP/GDP Deflator x 100 = Real GDP
 Example:
 What is the Real GDP if Nominal GDP is $15,000 and the GDP
Deflator is 125?
 $15,000/125 x 100 =$12,000=Real GDP
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Nominal and Real GDP 2000-2012
Why does nominal GDP rise faster than real GDP? Why do the lines cross in 2005?
9-14
Calculating Percentage Changes
%Change = New Number – Original Number
Original Number
 What is the percentage change from 1979 to 1980 if
1980 GDP is $2,784.2 and 1979 GDP is $2,557.5?
 $2,784 – $2,557.5 = $226.7/$2,557.5 = .089 or 8.9%
$2,557.5
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Change in Real vs. Nominal GDP
9-16
GDP by Nation in Trillions of Dollars
The U.S. has a much larger population than Japan and
Germany. So which country’s citizens have a higher
standard of living?
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Per Capita GDP
 Per Capita GDP enables us to compare GDP in
countries with different size populations.

It is a better measure of the average standard of living.
 Per Capita GDP = GDP/Population
 Per Capita Real GDP = Real GDP/Population
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GDP Per Capita Nations
 International comparisons for per capita GDP over the short run (less
than 10 years) are quite valid. Over the long run (20 years or longer)
this comparison is like comparing apples and oranges.
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Per Capita Real GDP 1776-2012
Per Capita Real GDP corrects for changes in prices and changes in population.
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Questions for Thought and Reflection
 How do you calculate percentage change in real GDP
from one year to the next?
 Name some of the wealthiest countries per capita
and some of the wealthiest countries in terms of
absolute size of GDP. Explain the difference.
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Shortcomings of GDP as a Measure of National
Economic Well-being
 GDP gives us a “ballpark” idea of how much we
produce, not necessarily how well off we are.
 Shortcomings:

Production that is excluded:
•
•
•
•

Treatment of leisure time
•

Household production
Illegal production
The underground economy
Volunteer work
Method only values the things we buy, not time spent relaxing.
Human cost and benefits
•
Psychic costs and benefits of work.
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What Goes into GDP
 GDP measures how much we produce, but not what
we produce.


When a large part of our production goes toward national
defense, police protection, pollution control devices, repair and
replacement of poorly made cars and appliances, and cleanups
of oil spills, a large GDP is not a good indicator of how we’re
doing.
U.S. spends more per capita on health care but we are less
healthy than citizens in other countries.
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Economics in Action: GDP or GPI
 The Gross Progress Index (GPI) is an alternative
measure of a nation’s well-being using GDP as a
starting point.


It adds in positive things like housework, volunteer work,
environmental contributions, such as clean air, water,
moderate climate, etc.
It subtracts negative things like crime, natural resource
depletion, loss of leisure time, family breakdown, etc.
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GPI
 According to GPI calculations, our per capita GPI
was less than 1/4 of the official 2012 per capita GDP
of $49,794.
 Real per capita GPI has fallen by about 40 percent
since the early 1970s.
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Questions for Thought and Reflection
 What are the shortcomings of the GDP method of
calculating a nation’s well-being? Do other methods
exists to calculate well-being? Why aren’t they used?
 Why did Hurricane Katrina increase our nation’s
GDP?
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