Transcript Organic Chemistry for Highschool Biology students

Life is based on
Organic Chemistry
1. What
element
in
the
periodic
table are
Organic
chemistry
iselements
carbon
2. What
are the
other
five
that
organic
molecules
based?contain?
chemistry
organic
molecules
usually
No, because it doesn’t contain
3. Is water ancarbon.
organic molecule?
Sense-able Smells
Learning the language of organic chemistry through molecules in your
everyday life
4. What is our Olfactory system?
Olfactory System
A part of the nervous system
that interacts with substances
from the environment that
Does
our
brain
directly
or
What
isthe
the
purpose
of the
produces
sense
of smell.
indirectly
interact with the
olfactory receptors?
odors we smell?
Our Sense of Smell
How is it used?
To find food
 To avoid becoming food!
 To determine if food is safe to eat
 To identify dangerous environments
 Finding a mate
 To locate and identify offspring
 To mark boundries or to identify a way back
“home”
To alert or warn others (think skunks, stink bugs,
etc)
 To deceive or lure others?
 Other uses?....


2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine
Our Sense of Smell
Linda Buck
Fred Hutchinson Cancer
Research Center
Seattle, WA, USA
Richard Axel
Columbia University
New York, NY, USA
“ for
their discoveries in odorant receptors and
the organization of the olfactory system”
"Press Release: The 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine". Nobelprize.org. 4 Jul 2010
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2004/press.html
Are you hypersensitive to common
odors or fragrances?
While these odors are considered pleasant and safe,
there are many people who suffer severe irritation
even from the most common and mild
odors/aromas. If you are one of these individuals,
you should not participate in this activity.
Before you begin….……..
For each sample, first try wafting, because some odors
are stronger than others.
If you still can’t smell anything
after a few seconds, bring the
sample closer to your nose.
= powerful smells, make sure
to waft first.
Part I. Aldehydes
Part A. Fill out this table as you go about wafting the odors from the three samples
Molecular Structure
Odor 1
Odor 2
Odor 3
Description and
association of odor
Odor identification
Aldehydes Part B.
Compare and Contrast:
Odor 1
Odor 2
Odor 3
All aldehydes seem to have this
in common:
Molecule 4
The Aldehyde Odors
Odor 1
Odor 2
Odor 3
Almonds
Vanilla
Cinnamon
or Cherries
Part II. Esters
Part A. Fill out this table as you go about wafting the odors from the three samples
Molecular Structure
Odor 4
Odor 5
Odor 6
Description and
association of odor
Odor identification
Esters Part B.
Compare and Contrast again
Odor 4
Odor 5
All esters seem to have this in
common:
Odor 6
Esters Part B.
1. How many carbon and hydrogen atoms do you see in the short-hand version of Odor 4?
one C atom and two H atoms
2.
How many carbon and hydrogen atoms do you see in the full atom version?
eight C atoms and nine H atoms
3. In comparing the short hand and full atom version, what does the number 3 on the H3 , or
2 on the H2 refer to in the short-hand version?
Indicates the amount of attached hydrogen atoms
Esters Part B. Slide 2
4. Oxygen(O) and Nitrogen(N) atoms are easy to spot since they are always shown in
both the short-hand and full atom versions. How many oxygen and nitrogen atoms are in
Odor 4? ____O atoms____N atoms?
two O atoms, one N atom
Compare the two versions of Odor 5 then answer these related questions:
5. Using the Full atom version circle the parts on it that are visible in the short hand
version.
6. Using the short-hand version, fill in the missing atoms on it that are shown in the full
atom version.
Esters Part B. slide 3
7. Describe and illustrate how you think the missing carbon atoms are
represented in the short-hand version:
The missing carbon atoms are located at the points where lines meet(
a vertex).
Now look at the Odor 6 molecule (shown below). Draw in the symbol for carbon for
the missing carbons atoms on the molecule.
8. How many carbon atoms are in odor 6 total?
seven C atoms
The Ester Odors
Odor 4
Grape (Concord)
Odor 5
Pineapple
Odor 6
Banana
Part III. Alcohols and Phenols
Part A. Fill out this table as you go about wafting the odors from the three samples
Molecular Structure
Odor 7
Odor 8
Odor 9
Description and
association of odor
Odor identification
Alcohols Part B.
Compare and Contrast
Odor 7
Odor 8
Alcohols and Phenols seem to have
this in common:
Odor 9
Alcohols Part B.
1. Did any of the odors smell similar to you? Which ones?
Odor 7
Odor 8
Odor 9
2. If you look at the molecular structure of the odors that smelled
similar, can you provide a reason as to why they smelled so
similar, if you thought they did?
Odors 8 and 9, have similar molecular shapes and maybe interact
with our odorant receptors in similar ways.
Alcohols Part B. slide 2
The short-hand and full atom version of Odor 7 is shown below. Answer the following
questions relating to the structures.
1. No matter which carbon atom you look at in the Full atom version, how many lines are
Always four lines.
connected to it?
2. If the letters (C, H ,O and N) in any molecule you have smelled today, represent atoms in a
molecule, what might the lines connecting the letters represent?
They represent the chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule.
Alcohols Part B. slide 3
Shown below are two short-hand versions of Odor 7, the one on the right includes all of
the hydrogen atoms. Look at the arrows pointing at two different carbon atoms in the
representation on the left. Now observe in the representation on the right that each of
those carbon atoms has a different amount of hydrogen atoms bonded to it. Look for a
pattern and provide a reason why you think this happens.
Hint: Question 3 provides a strong clue……
Hypothesis:
Each vertex needs four lines. If there are less than four lines
at a vertex, then lines with an ‘H’ are added until the vertex
has a total of four lines.
Each carbon atom needs four bonds. If there are less than four
bonds at a carbon atom, then hydrogens are added until the
carbon atoms has four bonds.
Alcohols
Odor 7
Lime
Odor 8
Oregano
Odor 9
Thyme
Part IV. Terpenes
Part A. Fill out this table as you go about wafting the odors from the three samples
Molecular Structure
Odor 10
Odor 11
Odor 12
Description and
association of odor
Odor identification
Terpenes Part B.
Compare and Contrast
Odor 10
Odor 11
All terpenes seem to have this in
common:
Odor 12
Terpenes Part B. slide 2
1. What fruit type are these odors from?
Citrus fruits
2. There was another odor you smelled previously that is also from this
fruit type, what odor number was it? Odor 7
3. Do the molecules associated with the odors from this fruit type look
Not really…
like they would smell similar?
Odor 10
4.
Odor 11
Odor 12
Odor 7
So why do these odors have a characteristic citrus smell?
Hint: think about what we learned from Odor 3…..
You will find out during the odor identification…
Terpenes Part B. slide 3
5. Very often, a molecule can be considered to be part of many families because they have
more than one functional group. Odor 11 is a good example of this situation.
Look at odor 11 again (shown below, but just rotated) and circle the functional group
that makes it a part of another family of molecules you have previously identified. Write
the name of the family next to odor 11.
Aldehydes
Odor 1
Odor 2
Odor 3
Terpenes Part B. slide 4
6. For Odor 12(shown below), first find all the carbon atoms by circling
them. Then using what you have learned from the Alcohols sections,
draw in hydrogen atoms on all carbons that need them.
First, how many lines do you see at
the carbon atoms?
Odor 12
Circle all carbon atoms here
Add in necessary hydrogen atoms here
The Terpene Odors
Odor 10
Orange
Odor 11
Lemon
Odor 12
Grapefruit
Why do citrus fruits have similar
smells?
Circle all carbon atoms here
It is because of the orange odor!
Part V. Ketones
Part A. Fill out this table as you go about wafting the odors from the three samples
Molecular Structure
Odor 13
Odor 14
Odor 15
Description and
association of odor
Odor identification
Ketones Part B.
Compare and Contrast
Odor 13
Odor 14
All ketones seem to have this in
common:
Odor 15
Ketones Part B.
1. Circle all of the carbon atoms in Odor 13
Odor 13
2. How many carbon atoms does it have?
3. How many oxygen atoms does it have?
ten C atoms
two O atoms
4. How many hydrogen atoms does it have?
12 H atoms
Ketones Part B. slide 3
5. Draw the full-atom version of odor 13 in the box below
Full atom version of Odor 13
Ketones Part B. slide 4
6. Circle in all of the carbon atoms in odor 14 shown below on the left. Then
determine which carbon atoms need hydrogen atoms and draw them in on the
structure on the right.
Ketones
Odor 15
Odor 13
Peppermint
Odor 14
Spearmint
Raspberry