Transcript 02 – FAST-ACT Training – Technical Details Module (Part 1)

FAST-ACT®:
Technical Details (Part 1)
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What is FAST-ACT®
Chemical Hazard Response System
• Effective against a wide range of chemical hazards, even
CWAs
• Neutralizes both liquid and vapor hazards
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Benefits
• No premixing is required
• Rapid-acting upon contact
• Effective over a wide range of conditions
• Non-toxic, non-corrosive, non-flammable
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The Technology
What is in FAST-ACT that makes it so effective against so
many chemicals?
FAST-ACT has two components – NanoActive® Titanium
Dioxide (TiO2) and NanoActive Magnesium Oxide (MgO) –
both in powder and granule form. Unlike commercially
available versions of titanium dioxide and magnesium
oxide, these materials are manufactured using unique
processes that allow for greatly enhanced physical and
chemical properties of the components allowing for broad
chemical efficacy.
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The Technology
•
•
•
Proprietary high performance
metal oxides blended for broad
use
Uncommon & unique properties
(extraordinary chemical reactivity)
- High Porosity
- Small crystallite sizes
- Large surface areas
- Unique morphologies
Proven safe by independent
testing performed by USACHPPM
(U.S. Army Center for Health
Promotion and Preventive
Medicine)
23 grams of FAST-ACT has a
surface area equivalent to a football
field
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Metal Oxides
• Metal oxides are earth
minerals commonly found in
the ground.
• The metal oxides that
comprise FAST-ACT are
manufactured using special
proprietary processes that
result in unique properties not
found in the mined minerals.
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Properties Influencing Chemical
Reactivity
• Crystallinity
• Surface area
• Particle size
• Porosity
• Morphology
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Crystallinity
Nanocrystalline, NOT Nanoparticles
• Nanoparticle
•
Particle with a size in the nm. Can be multiple crystallites.
• Nanocrystal
•
Individual crystal with a size <100nm.
• Aggregate
•
•
Several crystals or particles strongly bound together forming a larger entity.
Agglomerate
•
Several aggregates relatively weakly bound together to form a larger entity.
Aggregate
Crystallite
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Crystalline vs. Amorphous
• Crystallite
–
Individual crystal
whose constituent
atoms form a perfect
lattice, without strain
or imperfection.
High Resolution Transmission
Electron Microscopy Image of
NanoActive CuO
• Amorphous
–
–
20
40
60
80
100
Theta 2-Theta
XRD Spectrum of NanoActive
TiO2 (amorphous)
Non-crystalline
No molecular lattice
structure
Crystallite size of NanoActive
materials: amorphous to 40 nm;
usually 2-4 nm.
XRD Spectrum of NanoActive MgO
(crystalline)
HREM planar view image of a
domain of amorphous material.
20
40
60
80
Theta 2-Theta
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100
Surface Area
• The total area of
exposed surface of a
finely divided solid.
• Increased by
irregularities of all types.
• Specific surface area is
the amount of surface
area per unit mass of a
substance (m2/g).
Surface Area of NanoActive
materials from 20 to over 600 m2/g.
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Particle Size
• Particle size vs. crystallite size
• Method of measurement
– Light scattering
– Microscopy
– Wet or dry
• Calculation basis
– Volume weighted
– Count weighted
• Size distribution
Particle Size Distribution
D(0.1): 1.145 µm
D(0.5): 4.556 µm
D(0.9): 28.665 µm
NanoActiveTM Titania
NanoActive materials are made of nanocrystals aggregating to larger
particles in the micrometer range.
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Porosity
• Porosity (avg. pore volume, avg. pore diameter, pore size
distribution) determined using BET.
• Total Pore Volume: The total volume of pores, usually expressed in
cc/g. The total pore volume is derived from the amount of vapor
adsorbed at a relative pressure close to unity, by assuming that the
pores are then filled with liquid adsorbate.
Total pore volume of NanoActive materials up to 1 cc/g.
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Unique Morphology-TEM Images of
Commercial and NanoActive MgO
Conventional MgO
NanoActive MgO
Surface Area = 30 m2/g
Surface Area = 230 m2/g
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Unique Morphology
HR - TEM Image of NanoActive MgO Plus
Very small 2-4 nm cubes/waffles can be seen
that aggregate into polyhedral structures,
which are interconnected, forming a highly
porous material with many corners and
edges.
Materials with exceptionally small crystallite
sizes have a large fraction of edge and
corner sites containing 3 and 4 coordinated
ions which are much more reactive than the
ions/atoms in the bulk or on the surface
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Chemical Reactivity
• Direct correlation with surface area
• Majority of activity takes place at interface between materials (or
phases).
• Increase in capacity (to stoichiometric).
• Increase in reaction kinetics.
• Edge affect
• Chemical reactions occur when atoms (ions, etc.) or portions of
molecules come into close proximity.
• Atoms within a matrix (or lattice) are more stable than those on the
edge.
• Smaller particles have a larger fraction of atoms available for
interaction.
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Technology
Higher surface area materials have more active sites for chemical capture.
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Chemical Classes
• Specially formulated to counteract
liquids and vapors:
– The top 27 toxic industrial
chemicals (US CHPPM)
– Additional common Toxic Industrial
Chemicals (TICs)
– Clandestine drug lab chemicals
– Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs)
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Definitions
• Containment – Chemical taken up in absorbent
• Adsorption – Chemical bound to surface
• Neutralization – Chemical broken down in to by
products
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Efficacy
What is FAST-ACT effective against?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
FAST-ACT is effective against liquid and vapor chemical threats.
Acids
Phosphorus/Sulfur Compounds
Caustic/Acidic Gases
Industrial Solvents/Refrigerants
Organic Compounds
Chemical Warfare Agents
FAST-ACT will neutralize chemically reactive compounds in a liquid
and gaseous form. For non-reactive compounds (i.e. oil) it will
contain/absorb them, simplifying the disposal.
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Neutralizes, Adsorbs and Contains
Acids
Caustics
•
Hydrochloric acid
•
Hydrofluoric acid
•
•
•
Hydrogen chloride
•
Hydrogen cyanide
•
Nitric acid
•
Phosphoric acid
•
Sulfur dioxide
•
Sulfuric acid
Anhydrous ammonia
Sodium hydroxide (aq)
Phosphorus/Sulfur/
Nitrogen Compounds
•
Dimethylmethyl Phosphate
Chlorinated Organics
•
Methyl mercaptan
•
•
•
•
•
Paraoxon
•
Parathion
•
Sodium cyanide (aq)
•
2-Chloroethylethyl sulfide
Ketones
•
4-vinylpyridine
Alcohols
•
Other Organics
•
Denatured Ethanol
Oxidizers
•
Ephedrine
•
Methanol
•
•
•
•
p-Cresol
•
Pseudoephedrine
•
Toluene
Aldehydes
•
Acetaldehyde
Acetyl Chloride
Chloroacetyl Chloride
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
Acetone
Chlorine
Ethylene oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Petrochemicals
Chemical Warfare Agents
•
•
•
Diesel
Gasoline
GD, VX, HD
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Acids
• For organic acids, acidbase reactions in which
the Lewis acid sites of
metal ions bind the
carboxylate moieties
• Yields surface bound byproduct
• Inorganic acids (i.e. HF,
H2SO4, HCl, etc.) form
metal salts and water
Alcohols
• Alcohols will be readily adsorbed by FAST-ACT and
depending on the functionalization, some breakdown
may occur
CH3
NanoActive
Metal Oxides
O
CH3OH
O
M
M
O
O
M
M
M
O
M
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Aldehydes & Ketones
• Adsorbed by means of
nucleophilic attack of
basic oxide ions on
carbonyl carbon atom
• Concomitant with the
nucleophilic attack of
carbonyl oxygen atom
binding to Lewis acidic
metal ion
• Surface bound by-product
Caustics
• Strong attraction
between nitrogen and
the highly active metal
ions of the metal oxides
in FAST-ACT
• Surface bound safe byproduct
• Bases like NaOH form
metal salts
Chlorinated Organics
• FAST-ACT contains and in some cases adsorbs
chlorinated organics
• Depending on the functionalization, some breakdown
may occur
CCl4
O
Cl
Cl
CHCl3
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Oxidizers
• Chlorine gas is physisorbed to the metal oxide surface and
some can react with MgO to form MgCl2
NanoActive
Metal Oxides
Cl2
O
M
M
MgCl2
Cl2
Cl2
O M O
O
M
M
M
• NOx is adsorbed by FAST-ACT through the N and O atoms
NOx
NanoActive
Metal Oxides
N
O N
O
O
N O
O
O M O
M
O
M
M
M
O
M
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Phosphorous/Nitrogen/Sulfur
Compounds
• Parathion neutralized by attack at the P-O bond to
generate p-nitrophenol
NO2
S
O2N
O
P
O
NanoActive
Metal Oxides
S
P
O
O
O
O
O
M
M
O M O
O
M
M
M
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Mustard Gas (HD)
• FAST-ACT neutralizes sulfur mustard via hydrolysis
and/or dehydrochlorination
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G-Series Nerve Agent (GD)
• FAST-ACT neutralizes Soman via hydrolysis to yield
methyl phosphonic acid
O
O
GD
P
CH3
O
O
F
OH-HF
O
OH-
P
CH3
GD-acid
O-
-
P
O
CH3
+
O-
Methyl
Phosphonic
Acid
OH
Pinacolyl alcohol
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V-Series Nerve Agent (VX)
• FAST-ACT neutralizes VX via hydrolysis to yield
EMPA then further hydrolized to MPA
• No toxic EA-2192 is formed
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Comparison to Spill Kits
Spill Kits
FAST-ACT
Acid
Caustic
Solvent
Containment
Neutralization
Contain
Neutr
Contain
Neutr
Contain
Neutr
Acids
Yes
Yes
Yes1
Yes1
No
No
No
No
Halogenated Compounds
Yes
Partial
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Phosphorus Compounds
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Acidic and Caustic Gases
Yes
Yes
No
Partial
No
Partial
No
No
Organic Compounds
Yes
Partial
Partial2
No
Partial2
No
Partial2
No
Chemical Warfare Agents
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Effectiveness
Liquid & Vapor Hazards
Yes
No
No
No
Pretreatment Hazard Identification
Requirement
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Safe for All Spills
Yes
No
No
No
Pressurized canisters, bulk pail,
shaker bottle
Carton box, shaker
bottle, pressurized
canister4
Carton box, shaker
bottle, pressurized
canister4
Carton box, shaker
bottle, pressurized
canister4
Technical Support
Yes
?
?
?
Material Testing Program
Yes
No
No
No
Packaging
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Thank You
Questions?
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