Transcript 幻灯片 1 - 绿色化学

Chapter 5
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Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards
Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards
The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards began in
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1995 as an effort to recognize individuals and businesses for
innovations in green chemistry. Typically five awards are given
each year, one in each of five categories:
Academic,
Small Business,
Greener Synthetic Pathways,
Greener Reaction Conditions,
Designing Greener Chemicals.
Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards
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Nominations are accepted the prior
year, and evaluated by an
independent panel of chemists
convened
by
the
American
Chemical Society. Through 2006, a
total of 57 technologies have been
recognized for the award, and over
1000 nominations have been
submitted.
2010 Winners
Academic Award:
James C. Liao, Ph.D., Easel Biotechnologies, LLC University of
California, Los Angeles
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Small Business Award:
LS9, Inc.
Greener Synthetic Pathways Award:
The Dow Chemical CompanyBASF
Greener Reaction Conditions Award:
Merck & Co., Inc.Codexis, Inc
Designing Greener Chemicals Award:
Clarke
James C. Liao, Ph.D.,
Easel Biotechnologies, LLC and
University of California, Los Angeles
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Recycling Carbon Dioxide to Biosynthesize Higher Alcohols.
Ethanol made by fermentation can be used as a fuel additive,
but its use is limited by its low energy content. “Higher”
alcohols (those with more than two carbons in the molecule)
have higher energy content, but naturally occurring
microorganisms do not produce them. Dr. James Liao has
genetically engineered microorganisms to make higher alcohols
from glucose or directly from carbon dioxide. His work makes
renewable.
LS9, Inc.
Microbial Production of
Renewable Petroleum™
Fuels and Chemicals
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Industrial microbes usually make single substances, such as
triglycerides like those in vegetable oil. Each single
substance is then purified and converted into other
chemicals, such as biodiesel fuel. LS9, Inc. has genetically
engineered a variety of microorganisms to act like
refineries. Each microbe makes a specific, final chemical
product. Among these products is UltraClean™ diesel.
This fuel, produced from biomass, eliminates the benzene,
sulfur, and heavy metals found in petroleum-based diesel.
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The Dow Chemical Company
BASF
Innovative, Environmentally
Benign Production of Propylene
Oxide via Hydrogen Peroxide
Propylene oxide is one of the biggest volume industrial
chemicals in the world. It is a chemical building block for
a vast array of products including detergents,
polyurethanes, de-icers, food additives, and personal care
items. Its manufacture creates byproducts, including a
significant amount of waste. Dow and BASF have jointly
developed a new route to make propylene oxide with
hydrogen peroxide that eliminates most of the waste and
greatly reduces water and energy use.
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Merck & Co., Inc.Codexis, Inc.
Greener Manufacturing of
Sitagliptin Enabled by an Evolved
Transaminase
Merck and Codexis have developed a second-generation
green synthesis of sitagliptin, the active ingredient in
Januvia™, a treatment for type 2 diabetes. This
collaboration has lead to an enzymatic process that reduces
waste, improves yield and safety, and eliminates the need
for a metal catalyst. Early research suggests that the new
biocatalysts will be useful in manufacturing other drugs as
well.
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Clarke
Natular™ Larvicide: Adapting
Spinosad for Next-Generation
Mosquito Control
Spinosad is an environmentally safe pesticide but is not stable
in water and so therefore cannot be used to control
mosquito larvae. Clarke has developed a way to
encapsulate spinosad in a plaster matrix, allowing it to be
released slowly in water and provide effective control of
mosquito larvae. This pesticide, Natular™, replaces
organophosphates and other traditional, toxic pesticides
and is approved for use in certified organic farming.
Other awards
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The Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) presents
Australia’s Green Chemistry Challenge Awards. This
awards program is similar to that of the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), although the
RACI has included a category for green chemistry
education as well as small business and academic or
government.
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The Canadian Green Chemistry Medal is an
annual award given to an individual or group for
promotion and development of green chemistry
in Canada and internationally.
The winner is presented with
a citation recognizing the
achievements together with a
sculpture.
Green Chemistry activities in Italy center around an inter-
university consortium known as INCA. Beginning in
1999, the INCA has given three awards annually to
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industry for applications of green chemistry. The
winners receive a plaque at the annual INCA meeting.
In
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Japan, The Green & Sustainable Chemistry
Network(GSCN), formed in 1999, is an organization
consisting of representatives from chemical manufacturers
and researchers.
In 2001, the organization began an awards program. GSC Awards
are to be granted to individuals, groups or companies who
greatly contributed to green chemistry through their research,
development and their industrialization. The achievements are
awarded by Ministers of related government agencies.
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In the United Kingdom, the Crystal Faraday Partnership,
a non-profit group founded in 2001, awards businesses
annually for incorporation of green chemistry. The
Green Chemical Technology Awards have been given
by Crystal Faraday since 2004; the awards were
presented by the Royal Society of Chemistry prior to
that time. The award is given only to a single
researcher or business, while other notable entries are
given recognition as well.
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The Nobel Prize Committee recognized the importance of
green chemistry in 2005 by awarding Yves Chauvin,
Robert H. Grubbs, and Richard R. Schrock the Nobel
Prize for Chemistry for "the development of the
metathesis method in organic synthesis." The Nobel
Prize Committee states, "this represents a great step
forward for 'green chemistry', reducing potentially
hazardous waste through smarter production.
Metathesis is an example of how important basic
science has been applied for the benefit of man, society
and the environment."