Transcript KINGDOM PROTISTA

KINGDOM PROTISTA
FYI: Overview
Cell number: Unicellular/Multicellular
 Cell type: Eukaryotic
 Nutrition: Autotrophs & Heterotrophs
 Habitat: Moist environments

Overview

Divided into three categories:
1.
2.
3.
animal-like
plant-like
fungus-like
Animal-like Protists

Protozoa—single-celled microscopic
organisms that can move independently
FYI
 Heterotrophic
 Can be parasitic (live off other organisms,
cause disease)
 Live most anywhere that moisture is
available
Protozoa: Types of Locomotion
(movement)
1. cilia—short, hair-like projections
2. flagella—long, whip-like “tails”
3. pseudopodia (“false feet”)—large, round
cytoplasmic extensions that help move cell.
They also surround and engulf food.
Protozoa in the News
Calvin and Hobbes (Bill Watterson)
Types of Protozoa:
Amoebas
1. Ameobas

Use pseudopodia

Shape constantly changes

Live in fresh or salt water, soil
Amoeba engulfing a paramecium
Types of Protozoa:
Ciliates
2. Ciliates

Use cilia

Live in ponds, slow
moving streams

Example:
Paramecium
Ciliated protozoan
Types of Protozoa: Flagellates
3. Flagellates
 Have 1 or more flagella

Live in lakes, ponds

Many are parasitic

Ex: Giardia lamblia (intestinal parasite)
Types of Protozoa: Sporozoans
4. Sporozoans

Produce spores

Many adult forms have no locomotion

Many are parasitic, live in blood and tissue of
host
FYI: Plant-like Protists: Algae



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Unicellular or multicellular ALGAE
Can be very large OR microscopic
Photoautotrophic, go through photosynthesis
Reasons why algae is not a plant:
– Lack organs (don’t have leaves, roots,
stems)
– Different type of reproduction than plants
Algae
Phytoplankton—microscopic protists that live
in water
–
–
Major source of food for ocean life
Major producer for food chain
Unicellular Algae: Euglena

Have flagella

Live in fresh water

Contractile vacuole —gets rid of excess
water (hypotonic environments)
Euglena

Very flexible (no cell wall)
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Usually photosynthetic, but can be
heterotrophic

Has an eyespot—helps cell find light
Unicellular Algae:
Diatoms

Photosynthetic

Outer shells made of silica (glass-like material)

Release large amounts of oxygen

Diatomaceous earth —when diatoms die, they
settle at the bottom of oceans. Build up over time
into layers. Material used as abrasive in cleaning
supplies and toothpaste
Unicellular Algae:
Dinoflagellates

Small, usually unicellular
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Most photosyn., but can be heterotrophs
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Tend to be yellow, green or red
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Some are bioluminescent (glow)
Dinoflagellates

Some produce “red tides”
– release a toxin that kills fish and
humans if we eat contaminated food
Multicellular Algae: Red Algae

Ocean seaweed

Live in deep waters

Used as a food (nori)
Multicellular Algae: Green Algae

Can be unicellular

Most diverse group of algae

Most live in fresh water, but can live in
oceans, soil
Green Algae

Some are colonial (many cells living
together)

Ex. Volvox
Multicellular Algae: Brown Algae

Usually in salt water

Large
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Ex. Kelp
FYI: Fungus-like Protists
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1st part of life cycle spent as an amoeba-like
organisms
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Later, they grow and look like a slimy,
white/yellow mold
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Can be seen without
microscope
Dog Vomit Mold
Fungus-like Protists
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Two types:
1. slime molds
2. water molds
Examples:
– white “fuzz” on dead fish/leaves
– Potato Blight that caused the Irish Potato
Famine
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All are DECOMPOSERS!
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Protists Reproduction
1. binary fission— asexual
2. conjugation— asexual
3. fragmentation—asexual; algae will break
into pieces and each piece grows into a
new individual
Directions for the Protist Worksheet
Follow these directions step-by-step!!!

Answer all questions about Euglena &
Amoebas ONLY!!!
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Label the Euglena (see p. 511) and the
Paramecium (see p. 507)
Amoebas

Can cause disease:
 Amoebic dysentery --spread by
contaminated food or water; causes severe
intestinal problems; can be fatal
Sporozoans

Ex: toxoplasmosis—why pregnant women
should not change litterboxes

Plasmodium—causes malaria, spread by bite
of female Anopheles mosquito
KINGDOM FUNGI
Overview

Eukaryotic

Can be uni- or multicellular

Heterotrophic always (they absorb nutrients)
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Cell walls made of chitin (a tough
polysaccharide)
Structure

Hyphae—hair-like
filaments of fungi
that can group
together to form
larger structures
Nutrition
Fungi release enzymes that break
down food outside of cells. Then, the
fungi absorbs the nutrients from their
surroundings
How They Eat
1.
Saprophyte—lives on dead organic
(carbon-containing) matter
2.
Parasite—absorbs nutrients from
living cells
How They Eat
3.

Mutualistic—lives in a symbiotic (mutually
beneficial) relationship with another organism
ex: Lichens—organisms made of both an
algae (protist) and a fungus.
–
Algae - provides energy through
photosynthesis
– Fungi - provides moisture/place to grow
Uses of Fungi

Decomposers for environment

Make foods
– Edible mushrooms, truffles
– Bleu cheese
– Breads and alcohols are made with yeast (a
single celled fungus)
– Medicines (ex: antibiotic Penicillin)
Fungal Diseases

Human infections
– Can cause severe respiratory illnesses
– Infect hair, skin, nails
 Athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm are
caused by the same fungus that can grow
in various locations.
Fungal Infections

Plants
– Some “blights”
are caused by
fungi
– Almost all
chestnut trees
have been
infected with a
blight