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MEOR Processes Sources and Types Nutrients & Injection Mechanisms Screening criteria Methodology Case Study Economics Limitations and Environmental Effects Conclusion Shady Well Stimulation Enhancing Waterflooding Permeability Modification Wellbore Cleanup Shady Source Indigenous •Less cost •Difficulty to achieve required reactions External Source (Exogenous) •Produce required products •Injected with nutrients OR •Injection of metabolites M.Abdelaaty Aerobic Anaerobic Facultative M.Abdelaaty Nitrogen source Essential nutrients Sugar source Protein source • Nitrates • Molasses • Phosphates M.Abdelaaty Carbon source Sugar, crude oil For aerobic cultures Oxygen M.Abdelaaty M.Abdelaaty Injection Huff and Puff Microbialflooding M.Abdelaaty M.Abdelaaty Stimulation INJECTION Nutrients Microbes Water M.Abdelaaty Stimulation SHUT - IN M.Abdelaaty Stimulation PRODUCTION From the same well Production M.Abdelaaty M.Abdelaaty Enhancing waterflooding M.Abdelaaty M. Fathy Interfacial tension Water mobility Oil mobility M. Fathy Interfacial tension Mechanism Reduction of IFT Product Bio-surfactant M. Fathy Water mobility Mechanism Selective plugging Product Bio-polymer M. Fathy Water mobility M. Fathy Water mobility M. Fathy Water mobility M. Fathy Water mobility Mechanism Water thickening Product Bio-polymer M. Fathy Oil mobility Mechanism Dissolution of carbonates Product Organic acids M. Fathy Oil mobility Mechanism Dislodge debris Product Bio-gas M. Fathy Oil mobility Mechanism Emulsion Product Organic alcohols and bio-surfactant M. Fathy Oil mobility Mechanism Swelling Product Bio-gas M. Fathy Oil mobility Mechanism Oil dissolution Product Organic solvents M. Fathy Oil mobility Mechanism Heat M. Fathy Oil mobility Mechanism Oil bio-degradation M. Fathy Oil mobility M. Fathy M.AbdelMawgod M.AbdelMawgod Factor Limits Optimum 50 – 170 F 100 – 120 F < 8000 ft 3000 – 6000 ft 3 – 30 % > 10% > 50 md 100 – 300 md M.AbdelMawgod > 20 cp, < 200 cp > 50 cp M.AbdelMawgod Factor Limits Optimum 0 -15 % < 20 % < 10 % < 150,000 ppm < 200 ppm < 100 ppm 5-9 6-8 Carbonate, Sandstone, Granite, others M.AbdelMawgod Carbonate M.AbdelMawgod Factor Limits Paraffinic, Asphaltic, Naphthenic, Olefinic > 15 > 25 % Optimum Paraffinic/Asphaltic 30 -40 50 % M.Abdelmawgod Important in MEOR project. Designing microbial treatment. Identifying the directional flow characteristics of the reservoir. Mostafa Characterized by core analysis The effect of clay minerals in the pores. The effect of rock mineralogy on transport of microbes. Mostafa Water and oil samples were analyzed for microbial content. These microorganisms might have adverse effect on the injected MEOR system or may be beneficial. Indigenous microbes are used widely in the MEOR systems. Mostafa Ensure that the indigenous SRB* are either not stimulated or over grown. SRB can produce H2S. Mostafa *SRB: Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Compatibility testing of fluids must be performed with cores. These tests will yield estimates of oil recovery efficiency. Mostafa Compatibility testing with nutrients must be performed with cores . The difference of nutrient composition affects the microbial growth and activity. Mostafa Phase 1 Phase 2 Lab. Test Pilot Test Phase 3 Field project scale Mostafa Mostafa Well: Low production Oil production: 20 bbl/day Objective: Well clean-out Doaa -Bacillus -Clostridium Up to 105 to 106 cells/ml -Molasses (4 %) -(NH4)3PO4 (0.02 %) Doaa Process: Huff and Puff Shut-in for 4 weeks Increase production 350 % Doaa Problem: High oil viscosity (21 API) Unfavorable mobility ratio Inefficient waterflooding M.Alaa -Clostridium: High producer of CO2 and alcohols -Water 10,000bbl -Free corn syrup 200,000lb -Some mineral salts M.Alaa Process: Injection Shut-in for 7 days Returning to production M.Alaa Results: Reduction of oil viscosity by CO2 Improve mobility ratio and sweep efficiency by organic butanol Leading to enhancing oil recovery M.Alaa Microbes and nutrients are relatively cheap materials. Cost is independent on oil prices. Implementation needs minor modifications to field facilities. M.Alaa Economically attractive for marginal producing wells. The total cost of incremental oil production from MEOR is only 2 – 3 $/bbl. M.Alaa Incremental oil cost, $/bbl Surfactant Thermal CO2 Injection Polymer Waterflooding Total recovery, % OOIP MEOR M.Alaa Enas Mineral content Increasing salinity absorbs water from the microbe and negatively affects its growth Enas Reservoir parameters Permeability, temperature, pressure, salinity, pH, …etc affects selection of our types and our growth Enas Lack of experience Study of bacteria metabolism, and relation to subsurface environment, need great effort Enas Sulfate-reducing bacteria Produce H2S and SO2 Causing bio-corrosion of the equipment, and contamination of ground water Enas More friendly Produce organic chemicals less harmful than synthetic chemicals used by other EOR methods Enas EOR Methods are specific for specific reservoirs. Usage of microbes is to produce Bio-chemicals. Effect of reservoir conditions. MEOR is economical method. Shady • Donaldson, E.C.; Chilingarian, G.V.; and Yen, T.F., "Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery,“ Vol. 22, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1989 • El-Tayeb, S.A.; Abdallah, Abdel Waly; Sayyouh, M.H. and Samir, M.A., “Tertiary Oil Recovery from Egyptian Reservoirs by New Method (Bacteria for Increasing Oil Recovery),” Report 1; Mining, Petroleum and Metallurgical Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, Jan, 2003 • Sayyouh, M.H.; Al-Blehed, M.S.; and Hemeida, A.M., "Possible Applications of MEOR to the Arab Oil Fields," Journal of King Saud University, Vol. 5, Engineering Sciences, No.2 (1991) • Al-Blehed, M.S.; Sayyouh, M.H.; Shoeb, H.A.; Awwad, A.M.; Desouky, S.M.; and Hemeida, A.M., "Laboratory Investigation of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery," Journal of King Saud University, Vol. 8, Engineering Sciences, No.2 (1994) • L. Bryant, Steven, The University of Texas at Austin; and P. Lockhart, Thomas SPE, Enitecnologie, " Reservoir Engineering Analysis of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery," SPE 63229 presentation at the 2000 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Dallas, Texas, 1–4 October 2000 • M. Amro, Mohamed, SPE, King Saud University, "Multidisciplinary Challenge for Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR)," SPE 120820 presented at the 2008 Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium held in Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia, 10–12 May 2008 • Maudgalya, Saikrishna, SPE, Anadarko Petroleum Corp.; and M. Knapp, Roy, SPE; and J. McInerny, Michael, SPE, University of Oklahoma, Norman, “Microbial Enhanced oil Recovery Technologies: A Review of the Past, Present, and Future," SPE 106978 presented at the 2007 SPE Production and Operations Symposium held in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.A., 31 March–3 April 2007 • R. Vazquez-Duhalt and R. Quintero-Ramirez (Editors), “Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis 151,” Chapter 15, Biotechnological approach for development of microbial enhanced oil recovery technique, Fujiwara, K.; Sugai, Y.; Yazawa, N.; Ohno, K. ; Hong, C.X. and Enomoto, H., Elsevier B .V., 2004 • Feng, Qing-xian; and Zhou, Jia-xi, SPE, Chen, Zhi-yu; Wang, Xiao-lin; and Ni, Fang-tian, SPE, and Huai-jun Yang, Research Centre of Dagang Oilfield Company, PetroChina, “Study on EOR Mechanisms by Microbial Flooding,” SPE 79176 presented at the 26th Annual SPE International Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Abuja, Nigeria, 5-7 August, 2002 • Kowalewski, E.; Rueslatten, I.; Boassen, T.; Sunde, E.; and Stensen, J.A., Statoil ASA.; Lillebo, B.L.P.; Bodtker, G.; and Torsvik, T., UNIFOB AS, “Analyzing Microbial Improved Oil Recovery Processes from Core Floods," IPTC 10924 presented at the International Petroleum Technology Conference held in Doha, Qatar, 21 – 23 November,2005 • http://www.bioportal.gc.ca • http://www.agen.ufl.edu • http://www.msstate.edu • http://www.bnet.com • http://www.microbesinc.com • http://www.teriin.org • http://www.titanoilrecovery.com • Prof. Dr./ Mohamed Helmy Sayyouh Mining, Petroleum and Metallurgical Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University • Prof. Dr./ El-Sayed Ahmed El-Tayeb Mining, Petroleum and Metallurgical Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University