unit 6 alcohols
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Transcript unit 6 alcohols
Unit 6
Alcohols and Ethers
Alcohols
Nomenclature
Physical Properties
Synthesis
Reactions
Alcohols
contain at least one C-OH bond.
are similar in structure to water
(an alkyl group replaces one of the
H’s in water).
The C bonded to the -OH is called
the carbinol C atom.
Nomenclature of Alcohols
methyl
alcohol
2° alcohol
phenol
1° alcohol
3° alcohol
Nomenclature of Alcohols
Apply the same rules you learned for
the alkanes.
Use the root name of the longest chain
containing the hydroxyl group, but
change -e to -ol.
IUPAC:
methanol
common:
methyl alcohol
IUPAC:
butan-1-ol
1-butanol
common:
n-butyl alcohol
Nomenclature of Alcohols
Number the longest C chain
containing the -OH, starting at
the end nearer the -OH, and use
the appropriate number to
indicate the position of the -OH.
Br
OH
IUPAC:
6-bromoheptan-3-ol
6-bromo-3-heptanol
Nomenclature of Alcohols
With a cyclic alcohol, the -OH is
assumed to be on the #1 C.
CH3
IUPAC:
2-methylcyclohexanol
OH
Nomenclature of Alcohols
Priority: The alcohol is the highest
priority functional group of the ones
we have studied so far:
Alcohols
Amines
Alkenes/Alkynes
Alkanes
Ethers
Halides
Nomenclature of Alcohols
OH
IUPAC:
(E)-hept-5-en-3-ol
trans-5-hepten-3-ol
OH
IUPAC:
cyclohex-2-en-1-ol
Nomenclature of Alcohols
An alcohol group that is a
substituent is called “hydroxy”.
O
OH
OH
IUPAC:
2-hydroxybutanoic acid
Nomenclature of Alcohols
Alcohols with two -OH groups are
diols.
Vicinal diols are called glycols.
IUPAC:
propane-1,2-diol
common:
propylene glycol
OH
OH
IUPAC:
4-cyclopentylheptane-3,5-diol. Note the “e.”
Nomenclature of Thiols
A thiol is an organic compound
with an -SH group, the sulfur
analog of an alcohol.
aka a mercaptan
IUPAC:
4-cyclopentylheptane-3-thiol
SH
Nomenclature of Phenols
IUPAC:
2-bromophenol
common:
ortho-bromophenol
IUPAC:
3-bromophenol
common:
meta-bromophenol
IUPAC:
4-bromophenol
common:
para-bromophenol
Nomenclature of Phenols
IUPAC:
benzene-1,4-diol
common:
hydroquinone
IUPAC:
benzene-1,3-diol
common:
resorcinol
IUPAC:
benzene-1,2-diol
common:
catechol
Nomenclature of Alcohols
Give IUPAC acceptable names.
OH
3-(iodomethyl)-2-isopropylpentan-1-ol
HO
CH2I
OH
Cl
CH2CH2OH
(1R,3S)-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyclopentanol
(Z)-4-chlorobut-3-en-2-ol
IR spectrum of alcohol with
hydrogen bonding
Cyclohexanol, neat
SDBSWeb : http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/ (National Institute
of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 10/16/11)
IR spectrum of alcohol with
very little hydrogen bonding
Cyclohexanol in CCl4
SDBSWeb : http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/ (National Institute
of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 9/3/11)
Physical Properties of Alcohols
The -OH group is polar and forms
a hydrogen bond.
The boiling points of alcohols are
high: Most of the common alcohols
up to C11 or C12 are liquids at room
temperature.
The short-chain alcohols are
miscible with water.
Physical Properties of Alcohols
BP increases with the amount of
H-bonding.
1-propanol
1,2-propanediol
bp = 97°C
bp = 188°C
propylene glycol
1,2,3-propanetriol bp = 290°
glycerol
Physical Properties of Alcohols
The alkyl part of the alcohol is
nonpolar.
As the carbon chain gets longer,
alcohols become more suitable for
dissolving nonpolar compounds.
As the carbon chain gets longer,
alcohols become less soluble in
water.
Rule of thumb: One -OH can carry 4
carbon atoms into solution.
Physical Properties of Alcohols
Like water, the -OH group in an
alcohol can act as an acid and
lose H+.
Higher Ka, more acidic.
Lower pKa, more acidic.
Physical Properties of Alcohols
pKa
cyclohexanol
18.0
water
15.7
methanol
15.5
phenol
10.0
acetic acid
4.8
Physical Properties of Alcohols
As the previous slide shows, alcohols are weak
acids.
Only phenols react with NaOH to lose the H+.
Other alcohols require a much stronger base
before they lose their acid H+.
Physical Properties of Alcohols
Acidity increases with the ability to pull
electrons away from C-O-.
e- withdrawing groups stabilize anions (edonating groups stabilize carbocations)
pKa=14.3
pKa=12.2
pKa=15.9
pKa=10.0
Physical Properties of Alcohols
Phenols are the most acidic
alcohols because resonance
stabilizes the conjugate bases.
…can you draw the resonancestabilized forms of the phenoxide
ion?
Synthesis of Alcohols - Review
from SN2 of -OH with alkyl halides
from alkenes
acid-catalyzed hydration
oxymercuration-demercuration
hydroboration-oxidation
hydroxylation (1,2-diols)
from addition of acetylides to
carbonyl compounds
Synthesis of Alcohols - New
industrial preparation of methanol
and ethanol
from addition of organometallic
reagents to carbonyl compounds
from reduction of carbonyl
compounds
Synthesis of Alcohols - Review
from SN2 of -OH with alkyl halides (e.g.,
NaOH in acetone)
inversion of configuration
Synthesis of Alcohols - Review
from alkenes
acid-catalyzed hydration
Markovnikov
product
Synthesis of Alcohols - Review
from alkenes
oxymercuration-demercuration
Markovnikov product
anti addition
Synthesis of Alcohols - Review
from alkenes
hydroboration-oxidation
syn addition
Synthesis of Alcohols - Review
from alkenes - syn hydroxylation to
make vicinal diols
cold, dilute KMnO4 in base or OsO4/H2O2
Synthesis of Alcohols - Review
from alkenes - anti hydroxylation to
make vicinal diols
step 1: make the epoxide
CH3CO3H (goes straight to diol if water is
present)
MCPBA
step 2: acidify
Synthesis of Alcohols - Review
from addition of acetylides to
carbonyl compounds
Industrial Synthesis of Methanol
widely used solvent and fuel
Prepared from synthesis gas
Δ
3C(coal) + 4H2O CO2 + 2CO + 4H2
Preparation requires a temperature of
300-400°C, H2 pressure of 200-300 atm,
and a CuO-ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst:
CO(g) + 2H2 (g) CH3OH
Industrial Synthesis of Ethanol
Solvent and fuel - The pure form is
subject to expensive taxes.
Denatured alcohol contains impurities
that render it undrinkable.
Prepared from ethylene:
H2C=CH2(g) + H2O CH3CH2OH
Preparation requires a temperature of
300°C, an H2O pressure of 100-300 atm,
and a catalyst (phosphoric acid
adsorbed onto diatomaceous earth).
Synthesis of Alcohols - New
from addition of organometallic
reagents to carbonyl compounds
or epoxides
formaldehyde
aldehydes
ketones
esters and acid chlorides
epoxides
In every case, the C chain is
lengthened.
Organometallic Compounds
contain a covalent bond between C
and a metal atom.
Grignard reagents (R-MgX)
organolithium reagents (R-Li)
contain a nucleophilic C.
Grignard reagents act like R:- +MgX
organolithium reagents act like R:-Li+
Organometallic Compounds
contain a nucleophilic C.
We’ve already encountered a
nucleophilic C…in the acetylides.
Sodium amide can deprotonate a
terminal alkyne, but not an alkene or
an alkane.
To make an alkane or an alkene act as a
nucleophile, convert it into an
organometallic compound.
Organometallic Compounds
Grignard reagents are made from an
alkyl halide and Mg in ether.
Ether is needed to dissolve the Grignard
reagent.
CH3I + Mg
diethyl ether
CH3MgI
methylmagnesium iodide
Careful: Water destroys the Grignard reagent!
Organometallic Compounds
Organolithium reagents are made from
an alkyl halide and Li in an ether or an
alkane.
CH3CH2Br + 2Li
ether or
alkane
CH3CH2Li + LiBr
ethyllithium
Careful: Water destroys the organolithium reagent!
Organometallic Compounds
CH3CH2Li + H2O
CH3CH3 + LiOH
ethyllithium
Careful: Water destroys the organolithium reagent!
Synthesis of Alcohols - New
from addition of organometallic
reagents to formaldehyde
Step 1:
Why can’t step 2 be combined with step 1?
Step 2:
Synthesis of Alcohols - New
from addition of organometallic
reagents to aldehydes
Synthesis of Alcohols - New
from addition of organometallic
reagents to ketones
Synthesis of Alcohols - New
from addition of organometallic reagents to
esters and acid chlorides to make 3°
alcohols with two identical groups.
Two (2) moles of the reagent are needed.
Synthesis of Alcohols - New
Two (2) moles of the reagent are needed.
Why?
Acid chlorides: Cl- is a good LG, and so,
with one mole of the Grignard, a ketone
forms. The ketone can be attacked by a
second mole of the Grignard reagent.
Esters: Now the LG is RO-, not usually
considered “good,” but the reaction takes
place by nucleophilic acyl substitution, not
by SN2. In this mechanism, RO- leaving is
exothermic and therefore favorable.
Synthesis of Alcohols - New
from addition of organometallic
reagents to epoxides
Grignard reagents will NOT react with
ethers, which is why ether is the solvent.
The reagent attacks the less hindered (less
substituted) C of the epoxide.
Side Reactions of
Organometallic Reagents
Grignard reagents and organolithium
compounds are strong bases and strong
nucleophiles.
They react immediately and irreversibly
with water… and any other compound
that can protonate a strong base.
O-H, N-H, S-H, -C≡C-H
Grignard reagents cannot contain the
following unprotected groups, as they
will be attacked:
C=O, C=N, C≡N, N=O.
Side Reactions of
Organometallic Reagents
Water is a poison to these reagents:
CH3CH2MgBr + H-O-H CH3CH3(g) + BrMgOH
HOCH2CH2CH2CH2Br + 2Li do NOT
produce HOCH2CH2CH2CH2Li. The H
from the –OH reacts immediately:
HOCH2CH2CH2CH2Br + 2Li
Li+ -OCH2CH2CH2CH3 + LiBr
Side Reactions of
Organometallic Reagents
BrCH2CH2CH2CHO + Mg does not make a
usable Grignard reagent because
would react with the C=O of a second
molecule of the starting compound.
Side Reactions of
Organometallic Reagents
Grignard reagents can couple with the
alkyl halide. Although this does not
happen to a great extent, it is an
unwanted side reaction that limits the
yield of the Grignard reagent.
CH3CH2CH2Br
+
Mg
ether
CH3CH2CH2MgBr + CH3CH2CH2Br
CH3CH2CH2MgBr
ether
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Coupling of Alkyl Groups Using
a Gilman Reagent
Lithium dialkylcuprates (aka Gilman
reagents) are used when a coupling
with an alkyl halide (or vinyl halide or
aryl halide) is desired.
Gilman reagent
Synthesis of Alcohols - New
from reduction of carbonyl
compounds
NaBH4 reduces aldehydes and
ketones but not acids and esters.
Alcohol, ether, or water is the solvent.
LiAlH4 followed by H+ reduces any
C=O, including acids and esters.
Raney nickel saturated with H2(g)
reduces C=O but also C=C.
finely divided Ni “honeycomb” with
large surface area: fixed bed or slurry
NaBH4 and LiAlH4
NaBH4 and LiAlH4 act as Hnucleophiles.
In actuality, they deliver H- while
limiting its basicity.
LiAlH4 (aka LAH) reacts explosively with
water and alcohols.
LiAlH4 + 4H2O LiOH + 4H2 + Al(OH)3
NaBH4 reacts slowly with water and
alcohols if the pH is kept high.
NaBH4 + 4H2O NaOH + 4H2 + B(OH)3
Mechanism of Hydride
Reduction of Carbonyls
Mechanism of Hydride
Reduction of Carbonyls
H2O may be included with the NaBH4.
LAH Reduction of Carbonyls
When using LiAlH4, H2O may not be
included with it but must be added
afterward (in a second reaction
step).
Because Al is less electronegative
than B, LiAlH4 is a stronger
nucleophile and will react with less
reactive carbonyls such as esters, as
well as with the more active
aldehydes and ketones.
LiAlH4 followed by H+ will separate an
ester into two alcohols.
Reduction of Carbonyls
Thiols (Mercaptans)
-SH instead of -OH
Thiols are more acidic than alcohols
characteristic, unpleasant odor
oxidize to give sulfonic acids
pKa = 7.8
Predict the Product
Cl
1. Mg(s)/ether
2. CH3CO2CH3
3. H3O+
Cl
1. Mg(s)/ether
2. CH3CH2CO2H
3. H3O+
Conversion
?
OH
D
Predict the Product
O
NaBH4
CH3CH2OH
O
O
1. LAH
2. H3O+
Predict the Product
HO
1. NaH/THF
2. CH3I
1. BH3.THF
2. H O /OH2 2