Transcript Introduction - Portal UniMAP

EET 421
POWER ELECTRONIC DRIVES
Syafruddin Hasan
D1
AC
iD1
is
io
D3
Vs
RL
D4
D2
vo
Y = y(t)
T
Yave
1
  y(t )dt
T0
1

2
Yrms    y(t ) dt 
T 0

T
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1. Gopal K.Dubey : Fundamental
2nd Edition, Alpha Science, 2001
of Electrical Drives,
2. Rahid H. Muhammad : Power
Electronics-Devices,
Circuits and Applications, 3rd Edition, Pearson-Prentice
Hall, 2004
3. Subrahmanyam Vedam : Electric
Drives, Concepts and
Application, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2001
• Definition and concepts
• Application
• Power semiconductor switches
• Gate/base drivers
• Losses
• Snubbers

What Is POWER ELECTRONICS ?
DEFINITION :
Power Electronics combine :
Power
static and rotating power
equipment for generation, transmission and
distribution of electric power
Electronics
solid state devices and
circuit for signal processing to meet the
desired control objectives
Control
steady state and dynamic
characteristics of closed-loop system
Power Electronics : the applications of
solid-state electronics for the control and
conversion of electric power.
What Is INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS ?
Industrial electronics can be defined as the control
of industrial machinery and processes through the
use of electronic circuits and systems
POWER
Control
Analog / Digital
Electronics
Devices /
Circuit
Power
Equipment
Static / Rotating
ELECTRONICS
Relationship of PE to power, electronics and control
Task of Power Electronics :
To convert or to process and control the flow of
electric power by supplying voltages and currents in
a form that is optimally suited for user loads
Basic Block Diagram
Power
Input
Source
Power
Output
Vi, ii
Building Blocks :
•Input Power, Output Power
Power Processor
Contoller
Power
Processor
Vo, io
Load
measurement
Conroller
reference
Power Electronics (PE) Systems
The goal of PE is to control the flow of energy from an
electrical source to an electrical load with :
- high efficiency
- high availability
- high reliability
- small size
- light (least) weight
- low cost
Static applications
Involves non-rotating or moving mechanical components.
Examples :
DC Power supply, un-interruptible power supply, power generation and
transmission (HVDC), electroplating, welding, heating, cooling, electronic
ballast.
Power Electronics (PE) Systems
Drive applications
- Intimately contains moving or rotating
components such as motors
- Examples :
Electric trains, electric vehicles, air
conditioning system, pumps, compressor,
conveyer belt (factory automation).
Static Application : DC Power Supply
Drive Application : Air-Conditioning System
• Supply
from TNB: 50Hz, 240V RMS
(340V peak). Customer need DC
voltage for welding purpose, say.
example
• TNB sine-wave supply gives zero DC
component!
• We can use simple half-wave rectifier.
A fixed DC voltage is now obtained.
This is a simple PE system.
Average output voltage :
Vo 
Vm

How if customer wants variable DC voltage?
More complex circuit using SCR is required.
Average output voltage :
By controlling the firing angle α, the output DC voltage (after
conversion) can be varied.
Obviously this needs a complicated electronic
system to set the firing current pulses for the SCR.
PE rapid growth due to:
 Advances in power (semiconductor) switches
 Advances in microelectronics (DSP,VLSI,
microprocessor/microcontroller, ASIC)
 New ideas in control algorithms
 Demand for new applications
Interdisciplinary
1. Energy scenario

Need to reduce dependence on fossil fuel: coal, natural
gas, oil, and nuclear power resource.
Depletion of these sources is expected.
 Tap renewable energy resources :
solar, wind, fuel-cell, ocean-wave
 Energy saving by PE applications. Examples :
- variable speed compressor air-conditioning system :
30% saving compared to thermostat-controlled system.
- Lighting using electronics ballast boost efficiency of
fluorescent lamp by 20%.
Current issues
2. Environtment issues
 Nuclear safety : nuclear plant remain radioactive for
thousands of years.
 Burning of fossil fuel
- Emits gases such as SO2, CO (oil burning), SO2, NOx
(coal burning), etc
- Create global warming (green house effect), acid rain
and urban pollution from smokes.
 Possible Solution by application of PE. Examples:
- Renewable energy resources
- Centralization of power stations to remote non-urban
area (mitigation)
- Electric vehicles
Conversion scheme from electric
to electric by static switch
control information
INPUT
POWER
PROCESSED
OUTPUT
POWER
POWER
PROCESSOR
dc-dc conversion
dc-ac
conv.
ac-ac conversion
ac-dc
conv.
Power Electronics Circuits Symbol
Rectifier : AC-DC Converter
AC input
DC output
DC CHOPPER : DC-DC Converter
DC input
DC output
INVERTER : DC-AC Converter
DC input
AC output
Power Semiconductor devices
(Power Switches)
Power switches:
work-horses of PE
systems.
Power switch
Operates in two states :
– Fully on. i.e.
switch closed.
– Conducting state
– Fully off , i.e.
switch opened.
– Blocking state
Switch ON (fully closed)
Power switch never operates in linear mode.
Switch OFF (fully opened)
Can be categorised into three groups:
– Uncontrolled: Diode :
– Semi-controlled: Thyristor (SCR).
– Fully controlled: Power transistors: e.g. BJT,
MOSFET, IGBT, GTO, IGCT
WHY POWER ELECTRONICS IS SO IMPORTANT TODAY?
 ELECTRICAL POWER CONVERSION AND CONTROL AT HIGH
EFFICIENCY
 APPARATUS AT LOW COST, SMALL SIZE, HIGH RELIABILITY AND
LONG LIFE
 VERY IMPORTANT ELEMENT IN MODERN ELECTRICAL POWER
PROCESSING AND INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROL
 FAST GROWTH IN GLOBAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
PROBLEMS
BY FOSSIL
AND
 INCREASING EMPHASIS OF ENERGY SAVING AND POLLUTION
CONTROL BY POWER ELECTRONICS
 GROWTH OF ENVIRONMENTALLY CLEAN SOURCES OF POWER
THAT ARE POWER ELECTRONICS INTENSIVE (WIND,
PHOTOVOLTAIC AND FUEL CELLS)
Fig.3
DC AND AC REGULATED POWER SUPPLIES
ELECTRO CHEMICAL PROCESSES
HEATING AND LIGHTING CONTROL
ELECTRONIC WELDING
POWER LINE VAR AND HARMONIC COMPENSATION
HIGH VOLTAGE DC SYSTEM
POWER
ELECTRIC
SYSTEMS
PHOTOVOLTAIC AND FUEL CELL CONVERSION
VARIABLE SPEED CONSTANT FREQUENCY SYSTEM
SOLID STATE CIRCUIT BREAKER
INDUCTION HEATING
MOTOR DRIVES
POWER ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS
Fig.4
POWER ELECTRONICS IN ENERGY SAVING
 CONTROL OF POWER BY ELECTRONIC SWITCHING IS MORE EFFICIENT
THAN RHEOSTATIC CONTROL
 ROUGHLY 65% OF GENERATED ENERGY IS CONSUMED IN ELECTRICAL
DRIVES – MAINLY PUMPS AND FANS
 VARIABLE SPEED FULL THROTTLE FLOW CONTROL CAN IMPROVE
EFFICIENCY BY 30% AT LIGHT LOAD
 LIGHT LOAD REDUCED FLUX OPERATION CAN FURTHER IMPROVE
EFFICIENCY
 VARIABLE SPEED AIR-CONDITIONER/HEAT PUMP CAN SAVE ENERGY BY
30%
 20% OF GENERATED ENERGY IS USED IN LIGHTING
 HIGH FREQUENCY FLUORESCENT LAMPS ARE 2-3 TIMES MORE EFFICIENT
THAN INCANDESCENT LAMPS
Fig.5
WIND ENERGY SCENARIO
 MOST ECONOMICAL, ENVIRONMENTALLY CLEAN AND SAFE “GREEN”
POWER
 ENORMOUS WORLD RESOURCES – TAPPING 10% CAN SUPPLY ELECTRICITY
DEMAND OF THE WHOLE WORLD
 COMPETETIVE COST WITH FOSSIL FUEL POWER (5 Cents/kWH, $1.00/kW)
 TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT IN POWER ELECTRONICS, VARIABLE SPEED
DRIVES AND VARIABLE SPEED WIND TURBINES
 GERMANY IS THE WORLD LEADER ( MW) – NEXT IS USA (2600 MW)
 CURRENTLY, 1.0% ELECTRICITY NEED IN USA – WILL INCREASE TO 5% BY
2020
 CURRENTLY, 13% ELECTRICITY NEED IN DENMARK – WILL INCREASE TO
40% BY 2030
 STATISTICAL AVAILABILITY – NEEDS BACK-UP POWER
 KEY ENERGY SOURCE FOR FUTURE HYDROGEN ECONOMY
Fig.6
PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY SCENARIO
 SAFE, RELIABLE, STATIC AND ENVIRONMENTALLY CLEAN
 DOES NOT REQUIRE REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE
 PV PANELS ARE EXPENSIVE
(CURRENTLY AROUND $5.00/W, 20
CENTS/kWH)
 SOLAR POWER CONVERSION EFFICIENCY – AROUND 16%
 APPLICATIONS:
SPACE POWER
ROOF TOP INSTALLATIONS
OFF-GRID REMOTE APPLICATIONS
 SPORADIC AVAILABILITY –REQUIRES BACK-UP POWER
 CURRENT INSTALLATION (290 MW):
JAPAN – 45%
USA – 26%
EUROPE – 21%
 TREMENDOUS EMPHASIS ON TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT
Fig.7
FUEL CELL POWER SCENARIO
 HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN COMBINE TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY AND WATER
 SAFE, STATIC, HIGH EFFICIENCY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY CLEAN
 FUEL CELL TYPES:
PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE (PEMFC)
PHOSPHORIC ACID (PAFC)
DIRECT METHANEL (DMFC)
MOLTEN CARBONATE (MCFC)
SOLID OXIDE (SOFC)
 GENERATE HYDROGEN BY ELECTROLYSIS OR BY REFORMER (FROM GASOLINE,
METHANOL)
 BULKY AND VERY EXPENSIVE AT PRESENT STATE OF TECHNOLOGY
 SLOW RESPONSE
 POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS:
FUEL CELL CAR, PORTABLE POWER, BUILDING COGENERATION, DISTRIBUTED
POWER FOR UTILITY, UPS SYSTEM
 A LOT OF FUTURE PROMISE
Fig.9
AIR
GASOLINE
OR
METHANE
COMPRESSED
AIR
O2
REFORM
ER
ELECTRICITY FROM
GRID
WATER
WIND
TURBINE
ELECTRO
LYSIS
WIND
GENERAT
OR
CONVER
TER
FUEL
CELL
H2
MOTOR
PEMFC
+
H2
STORAGE
(LIQUID
OR GAS)
ULTRA-CAPACITOR
OR
BATTERY
ELECTRICITY
FUEL CELL CAR WITH THE CONCEPT OF HYDROGEN ECONOMY
Fig.10
POWER ELECTRONICS – AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TECHNOLOGY
Fig.11
EVOLUTION OF POWER ELECTRONICS
Fig.12
C
C
T1 G
C
G
 GATE TURN-OFF THYRISTOR (GTO) (1980)
A
A
 TRIAC (1958)
G
 THYRISTOR (1958)
T2
 DIODE (1955)
A
POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE EVOLUTION
C
B
 BIPOLAR POWER TRANSISTOR (BPT or BJT) (1975)
D
 POWER MOSFET (1975)
G
S
 INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSIATOR
(IGBT)(1985)
 STATIC INDUCTION TRANSISTOR(SIT) (1985)
C
G
E
D
G
E
G
 INTEGRATED GATE-COMMUTATED
THYRISTOR (IGCT) (1996)
C
S
 SILICON CARBIDE DEVICES
Fig.13
108
107
DEVICE V-I RATINGS PRODUCT (VI)
10
IGCT
GTO
6
105
IGBT IPM
IGBT
DISCRETE
THYRISTOR
104
103
POWER
MOSFET
102
10
10
TRIAC
!02
103
104
SWITCHING FREQUENCY (Hz)
105
106
POWER-FREQUENCY TRENDS OF THE DEVICES [5]
Comparison of Power MOSFET-IGBT-GTO-IGCT
_________________________________________________________________________________
Power MOSFET
1.Voltage and current
100 V, 28 A* (dc)
ratings (selected device for comparison)
2. Present power capability 1.2 kV, 50 A
3. Voltage blocking
Asymmetric
4. Gating
Voltage
5. Junc. Temp. range (C) -55 to 175
6. Safe operating area
Square
7. Conduction drop (V)
2.24
at rated current
8. Switching frequency 106 Hz
9. Turn-off current gain __
10. Turn-on di/dt
__
11. Turn-on time
43 ns
12. Turn-off time
52 ns
13. Snubber
Yes or No
14. Protection
Gate control
15. Applications
16.Comments
Switching power supply
Low power motor drive
IGBT
GTO
1.2 kV, 50 A* (dc)
6 kV, 6000 A*(pk)
6 kV, 6000 A
Asymmetric/Symmetric
Current
-40 to 125
2nd breakdown
3.5
3.5 kV, 1200 A or higher
Asymmetric*
Voltage
-20 to 150
Square
2.65
1 kHz - 20 kHz
__
__
0.9 s
2.4 s
Yes or No
Gate control
IGCT
4.5 kV, 4000A*(pk)
6.5 kV, 3000 A
Asymmetric/Symmetric
Current
-40 to 125
Square
2.7
400 Hz
4 to 5
500 A/s
5 s
1.0 kHz
1
3,000 A/s
2 s
20 s
2.5 s
Yes(heavy)
Gate control or
very fast fuse
Motor drive
Motor drives
UPS, Induction heating, etc. SVC, etc.
Yes or No
Gate control or
very fast fuse
Motor drives
HVDC, SVC, etc.
Body diode can carry
Large power range
dv/dt = 1000 V/s
Built-in diode
full current but sluggish
Very important
High uncontrollable High uncontrollable
(trr = 150 ns)
device currently
surge current
surge current
Ipk = 56 A
* Reverse blocking available
dv/dt = 4000 V/s
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Harris IRF140
*POWEREX PM50RVA120
*Mitshibishi
*ABB 5SHY35L4512
7-pack IPM
-FG6000AU-120D
ADVANCES AND TRENDS OF POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
 MODERN POWER ELECTRONICS EVOLUTION PRIMARILY FOLLOWED THE
POWER DEVICE EVOLUTION - WHICH AGAIN FOLLOED THE
MICROELECTRONICS EVOLUTION
 GRADUAL OBSOLESCENCE OF PHASE CONTROL DEVICES (THYRISTOR,
TRIAC)
 DOMINANCE OF INSULATED GATE CONTROLLED DEVICES (IGBT, Power
MOSFET)
 POWER MOSFET WILL REMAIN UNIVERSAL IN LOW VOLTAGE HIGH
FREQUENCY APPLICATIONS
 GRADUAL OBSOLESCENCE OF GTOs (LOWER END BY IGBTs AND HIGHER
END BY IGCTs)
 REDUCTION OF CONDUCTION DROP IN HIGH VOLTAGE POWERMOSFET
AND IGBT
 SiC BASED DEVICES WILL BRING RENAISSANCE IN HIGH POWER
ELECTRONICS – DIAMOND DEVICES IN THE LONG RUN
LINE POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS AND HARMONIC STANDARDS
 LARGE GROWTH OF DIODE AND THYRISTOR CONVERRERS ON UTILITY SYSTEM
 LINE VOLTAGE HARMONIC DISTORTION
 POOR LINE POWER FACTOR
 EMI
 LINE AND EQUIPMENT HARMONIC CURRENT LOADING
 COMMUNICATION INTERFERENCE
 METER INACCURACY
 SPURIOUS LINE RESONANCE
 IEEE-519 STANDARD – HARMONIC DISTORTION CONTROL AT COMMON ENTRY POINT
 IEC-1000 STANDARD – CONTROLS HARMONIC DISTORTION OF INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT