Transcript I 1 / I

P1
Web-based Power Quality Monitoring
System of Smart Transformer Substation
RTP-34 MPEI for engineering education.
Real-time PQ analysis,
based on remote laboratory data.
Live broadcast of monitoring.
Moscow. Russia.
P2
Currently in the field of traditional electricity there are significant changes.
These changes include the active use of power electronics, IT-technologies,
increased attention to energy saving, development of approaches to create a
"smart grid», the integration of the traditional system of power supply of
renewable energy and more. There is a mutual penetration of new concepts
in energy, information and telecommunication technologies. It is planned to
create the next generation of energy systems - intelligent power networks.
P3
Intellectualization of electricity poses problems:
• Creating a "smart" instrumentation and devices for
substations, providing accounting and energy
management in conjunction with non-stop monitoring
and control of quality of electric power in stationary
and transient conditions.
• Develop principles for the organization of intelligent
distribution transformer substations of 10 / 0.4 kV.
• Formation of the concept and testing of fragments
of intellectual energy in the form of Micro Smart Grid
on the basis of individual power grid structures,
located in a small area around MPEI.
• Implementation of the Smart Grid concept in the
educational process.
P4
At MPEI over the past 15 years are
working in the direction of energy saving
and efficiency of electric power through the
introduction of elements of intellectual
energy at the facilities of Moscow. We
transferred this research experience in
electrical engineering education.
P5
Features of modern electricity.
The increase of non-linear loads
since 1960
Structure of energy consumption
in USA
Private
sector
Commercial
sector
Industry
Low
Voltage
(0,4 кV)
Low
Voltage
(0,4 кV)
Medium
voltage
(3-10кV)
37 %
36%
27%
IEEE Power&Energy, volume 10, number 3, May/June 2012
Sources of power quality deterioration became institutions, homes, schools,
hospitals, etc., mainly because of controlled single-phase rectifiers: compact
fluorescent and LED lamps, servers, office equipment, household appliances,
switching power supplies installed in the TV , computers etc.
It can be argued that the current nonsinusoidality in modern low voltage is mainly
determined by the imperfection of the secondary power supply for the equipment.
P6
Trends in production of electric energy.
ELECTROSAVINGS
Reducing the rate of growth of production of EE.
The annual increase in production (%)
1949 – 1973
8,3 %
1973 – 2006
2,5 %
2010 – 2030
0,9 %
Development of standards use DC in the
residential sector.
IEEE Power&Energy, volume 10, number 3, May/June 2012
The level of losses in the transmission and distribution
of energy in the United States from 1926 to 2007.
Reducing losses by 1% every 10 years
Losses on the transmission and distribution of
energy in the United States account for about 7%
(in Russia, according to unconfirmed reports up to
17%).
Programm «Smart Grid»:
DC in the Home
The basis is a well-known fact that there are
additional losses in consumer electronic devices.
Losses: AC/DC – 17-35%
PV/AC – 23-28%
Dynamic Pricing
One of the main benefits of Smart Grid is to ensure control of the consumption of EE in online
90 %
mode by means of access to the real information from the supplier EE and the opportunity to
receive information on energy consumption in real time (mode "dynamic tariff», “dynamic
pricing”, “penalties”).
P7
The modern 0.4 kV power supply network is
overloaded by harmonics
As a result, in four-wires network with the equality
of the phase currents ("load balancing") there are
extremely large currents in neutral wire.
Typical modern currents
Single-phase rectifiers
Variable Frequency Drive
Phase control (dimmers)
P8
Sources of power quality deterioration
become institutions, homes, schools,
hospitals, etc., due to the non-linear loads
(mostly single-phase controlled rectifiers)
switching power supplies installed in the
TV, computers, servers, compact
fluorescent and LED lamps , office
equipment and household appliances.
P9
The emergence of higher harmonics at the phase control.
Simulation of power quality events with 3phase simmetrical non-linear load.
load
After Fourier analyse nonsinusoidal load
current i(t) is represented as the sum of
currents 1,3,5,7,9 ... harmonics.
Despite the absence of reactive elements in
the circuit between the first harmonic of the
current i1 (t) and the voltage u (t) phase shift
occurs.
on=0о
off=74,6о
on=55о
off=90о
The shift can be a leading (capacitive), zero
(resistive) or lagging (inductive) depending on
“On-Off” moments of switching key S.
As example, the compact fluorescent lamps
and LED lamps the first harmonic current leads
first harmonic voltage.
on=74,6о
off=105,4о
In the dimming devices (thyristor) light control
first harmonic of current lags behind the first
harmonic of voltage.
In mentioned cases in three-phase system
neutral current contains 3 times harmonics and
may exceed the phase current 1.5-2 times.
on=105,4о
off=180о
1st harmonic
Modeling results
P10
The emergence of higher harmonics at the phase control.
Simulation of power quality events with 3phase simmetrical non-linear load.
The dependence of the power factor from the current THD.
cos 1  pf  1  THDi 2
pf, cosϕ1
1
0.95
0.9
on
0.85
off
THDi,%
0.8
i1(t)
iн(t)
0
I1
U(t)
U
U(t)
on=0о
off=115о
-20o
i1(t)
iн(t)
U
U(t)
0o
off=130о
iн(t)
i1(t)
U(t)
I1
U
on=65о
off=180о
U(t)
20o
40
Iн=100A (rms)
I1 = 91A / -20o
THD = 42,94%
Fr = 34 17 9 9
Kfactor = 3,27
Cosfi = 0,94
Pf = 0,86
Iн=100A (rms)
I1 =89A / 0o
THD=53,33%
Fr=46 8 18 2
Kfactor = 3,58
Cosfi = 1
Pf = 0,88
I1
U(t)
on=50о
20
Iн=100A (rms)
I1 =91A / 20o
THD=42,94%
Fr=34 17 9 9
Kfactor = 3,27
Cosfi = 0,94
Pf = 0,86
60
P11
The neutral currents in three-phase network with the single-phase non-linear loads.
U(t)
i(t)
U1(t)
Neutral current RMS=144A
I1(t)
U(t)
I1(t)
i(t)
U(t)
i(t)
U1(t)
Neutral current RMS=144A
U1(t)
I1(t)
PF = P / S = ( I1 / I ) * cos(φ1)
Neutral current RMS=173A
Modeling results
Irms=101,67A
I1 =86A / 31o
THD=63%
3 harm: 52 / -93o
5 harm : 18 / 79o
7 harm: 18 / -101o
9 harm: 11 / 72o
Kfactor = 4,74
PF = 0,73
Cos(fi) = 0,86
Irms=101,67A
I1 =86A / -31o
THD=63%
3 harm : 52 / 93o
5 harm : 18 / -79o
7 harm : 18 / 101o
9 harm : 11 / -72o
Kfactor = 4,74
PF = 0,73
Cos(fi) = 0,86
Irms=100,03A
I1 =69A / 0o
THD=100,76%
3 harm: 80 / 180o
5 harm: 46 / 0o
7 harm: 12 / 180o
9 harm: 13 / 180o
Kfactor = 6,89
PF = 0,69
Cos(fi) = 1
P12
Standard USA ANSI/IEEE C57.110
Non-sinusoidal loads. Additional transformer losses.
K1 – heating load
К4 – UPS with built-in filter
К13 – UPS without filter
К20 – variable frequency drive
К30 – laboratory equipment
P13
"Smart" meter - power quality controller "MAGISTR-430 PQ.“Primary
aggregation interval = 10T (200 ms). The device provides continuous
monitoring of the main task - get the Online Power Quality Parameters
(OPQP). “Online parameters“ means 3 seconds aggregation intervals.
Voltages measuring:
The limits of the basic reduced
(the nominal value of the
phase voltage) error ± 0,1%
Currents measuring:
The limits of the basic reduced
(to the nominal value of the
phase current) error ± 0,1%
Satisfies the Standard
IEC 61000-4-30.
P14
Online Power Quality Parameters (OPQP) –
the base of real-time monitoring. www.magistr.tv/demo
Online Parameters appropriate aggregation interval 3 seconds in accordance with IEC 61000-4-30.
P15
Online Power Quality Parameters table (OPQP table)
Old version
L1 - Column with parameters of phase A
L2 - Column with parameters of phase B
L3 - Column with parameters of phase C
Avg/Sum - Column with sum or avg value
New version
P16
Calculator the contribution of the harmonic components of current.
Special calculator of the contribution of the harmonic components is designed to calculate the
effective values of the currents in the phase and neutral conductors, the effective value of the
harmonic current and harmonic distortion factor Ki (THDi). Source data for calculating values are
1,3,5,7,9 harmonics for each phase.
Source data may be entered manually into the cells or copied from real-time data corresponding
controller quality.
The calculator may include one, two or three buttons of the data request. If the calculator is
attached to a single controller, copying of the source data occurs when you press the [Request]
button. If the computer is attached to two or three controllers, copying of the source data occurs
when you press [1], [2] or [3] button (the numbers correspond to the number keys on the table
OPQP on web-map).
Pressing the [Calculate] button, the computation of the required phase currents and the neutral
conductor and the coefficients is made.
Note: Calculated parameters are evaluated taking into account the 1,3,5,7,9 harmonics (in OPQP
table they are calculated taking into account all the harmonics up to the 50th).
Initial state
Source data state
Final state
P17
WEB-BASED POWER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM (WPQMS)
The aim of non-stop monitoring is information about electrical parameters of power supply basic
elements. Measuring system consists of decentralized synchronized to external time standard
measurement tools with remote access via the Internet to Web-technologies.
WPQMS is intelligent monitoring system
WPQMS provides technical capabilities for the analysis of voltage and current load. For these
purposes the harmonic contributions calculator (Fig.6) which makes it possible not only to
determine harmonic components and the currents on the neutral conductor, but also to quantify the
increase of the cable losses and copper losses in the power transformer. This allows us to estimate
(and provide) ELECTROSAVINGS using filters or power supplies with built-in power factor corrector.
WPQMS supports various data protocols: CAN, SNMP, ModBus, LonWork etc. In addition the system
can be integrated into various devices having a data interface (energy meters, panel meters, PLC
controllers, UPS units air-conditioning systems, diesel generator, etc.), which provides:
• View the measured OPQP in the form of graphs, waveforms, spectra; preservation of information
in graphic and text files; counting the number of voltage sags, surges and voltage pulses;
• control standard and emergency events, which are displayed on a special screen forms single-line
structural schemes using animation and color changes;
• viewing parameters measured in real time, including forms of voltages and currents for the three
phases (waveform);
• Analysis of the harmonic structure of currents and voltages;
• archiving (logging) of the measured parameters;
• Creation of power quality indices protocol in accordance with Russian Standard RU GOST 321442013;
• count dips and voltage pulses and their representation in the standard ANSI;
• preservation of the graphs in graphic files;
• e-mail alerts by e-mail, sms.
P18
WEB-BASED POWER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM (WPQMS)
WPQMS is flexible, scalable, and easily integrated into existing control systems.
Structurally complex object is a distributed decentralized network peripheral controllers, combined
or fieldbus CAN, or through RS-232, RS-485, Ethernet, through which information is exchanged
between controllers and data servers. WPQMS allows the connection of devices from other
manufacturers under the relevant protocols.
WPQMS is addressed to six major categories of professionals:
1. duty electricians;
2. engineering staff service;
3. scientific and engineering staff of specialized organization that helps in the analysis of
emergency situations;
4. managers (not electricians) secondary and primary level;
5. students of higher and specialized educational institutions;
6. researchers.
Technically WPQMS allows for multi-parameter analysis of modes of load and mains. Additional tool
for monitoring computer is the contribution of harmonics, which allows not only to evaluate the
currents in the neutral conductor, but also to quantify the increase in cable loss and copper loss of
the power transformer. This allows you to define (and provide) the effectiveness of power
management when using active filters or power supplies with built-in power correctors.
P19
Instrumentation and software for non-stop monitoring of indicators and current
power supply quality power supply systems. www.magistr.tv/demo
Ethernet
InterNET
Electrical grid of object #1
The servers for the
collection, analysis and
storage of information.
Ethernet-GSM gateway
GRID+NET
Clients
Ethernet
Electrical grid of object #2
Ethernet-GSM gateway
Operator workstation at
the objects, local storage
server.
P20
Web-based Power Quality Monitoring System.
The architecture of online monitoring of power quality parameters.
Servers gathering
information
Internet Access
Meets the requirements of:
GOST 32144-2013 (from 01.07.2014)
Current measuring
transformers
IEC 61000-4-7:2008
IEC 61000-4-30:2008
energy Service
Managers
External Audit
System operators
Information
communication channels
Optical fiber, radio
channel, GPRS,
Internet.
measurement means
1
The point of control.
Three current, three voltages
Voltage measuring
transformer
Up to 30 control points on a single
server. Removal from the server up to
1000 meters (RS232,RS485).
Servers gathering information
Ethernet
29
30
RS232
RS485
Operator workstation of
object
P21
WEB-BASED POWER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM (WPQMS)
Web-map with active filter
Active Filter ABB
P22
WEB-BASED POWER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM (WPQMS)
Web-map with active filter
THDi levels before and after active filter during 29.04.2015. For
demonstration filter was off from 16:00 to 18:00.
P23
WEB-BASED POWER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM (WPQMS)
Web-map with transformer losses.
Active power losses in T2, MPEI RTP-34, 22.04.2015
P24
Smart Substation.
Fragment of RTP-34 low voltage distribution panel with
power quality controllers DM-306M.
RTP-34 Low Voltage switchboard.
P25
MPEI RTP-34
Live broadcast of online monitoring of
current power quality parameters at
distributed transformer substation MPEI
RTP-34 10/0.4kV; 7000 kVA
www.magistr.tv/demo
P26
Web-based power quality monitoring system
«MAGISTR-3M» Company
General Director
Lev Khruslov
+7 (495) 362-71-92
[email protected]
[email protected]
www.magistr.tv/demo
Thank you.
P27
Additional information.
P28
P29
P30
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P32
Люстра 408 КЛЛ. Источники питания ламп без корректора мощности.
Люстра 408 КЛЛ. Источники питания ламп с виртуальным корректором мощности.
При наличии корректора мощности энергопотребление и световой поток 8-ми люстр с КЛЛ не изменяются.
Потери в фазных проводах снижаются в 2 раза, в нейтральном проводе - в 2000 (!) раз.
Существенно улучшаются условия работы защитной и коммутационной аппаратуры.
Представленный анализ влияния гармоник на системы освещения можно применить и для других
источников света. Например, замена люстр с КЛЛ на традиционные газоразрядные лампы (светильники
Армстронг с электронной ПРА), при равенстве коэффициента светоотдачи (лм/Вт), приводит к такому же
результату.