Transcript Photovoltaic Overview

King Saud University
Departments of Electrical Engineering
Senior Capstone Design Request for
Proposal
Design and Implementation of a
Photovoltaic Maximum Power
Point Tracker
Dr. Ali M. Eltamaly
Background:
Photovoltaic, PV systems has many applications as in
space satellites and orbital stations, solar vehicles, and power supply for
loads in remote areas. As the price of fossil fuels increase the generation
of electricity from PV in a large scale becomes in good economical
situation. PV systems are environmental friendly compared to current
level of CO2 emission associated with conventional electricity
generation. A considerable contribution from PV sources could reduce
substantially the emission of CO2 and the low level of other pollutants
that cause acid rain, smog and other local environmental hazards.
Moreover PV enhances diversity in energy supply markets and
strengthens energy security and contributes to the securing of long term,
cost-effective environmentally sustainable energy supplies. Feed some
big loads as water desalination and water pumping stations from PV
systems will have high benefits from the economical and environmental
point of view. Studying the installation of PV energy systems in KSA has
to start from collecting the sun radiation data for many sites and selecting
the best sites and the nearest one to the loads.
In this project a complete circuit for Maximum Power Point
Tracking, MPPT will be built for PV energy system to perform
many experimental studies as building and testing the best
MPPT systems. The power generated from PV energy
system depends on its terminal voltage. By using MPPT to
track the maximum power point, MPP by varying the
terminal voltage increases the generated energy from PV
system about 30%. MPPT must be fast to track the MPP
effectively and smart to avoid divergence in fast changing in
irradiance or temperature. Fuzzy controller system can
provide smart MPPT. Implementation of fuzzy controller on
modern and fast tools can provide fast and smart control.
So, in this study fuzzy controller to force the PV to work
around MPP will be used. The PV system is connected to
boost converter to control its terminal voltage. Simulation of
the MPPT system will be introduced by using modern
simulation tool as PSIM or Matlab programs. Hardware
implementation of boost converter will be introduced to
control the voltage of PV system.
Objective: The students will learn the following:
•A detailed analysis of photovoltaic cells,
•Simulation program as PSIM, Pscad, Simulink,
•How to simulate photovoltaic system with loads and ac
voltage regulator in different simulation programs,
•Studying of fuzzy controller and how it can help in MPPT
of PV systems,
•How to design an optimum size of photovoltaic system to
supply the required power for certain load,
•How to build a hardware circuit of Photovoltaic power
system and its controller,
• How to design a MPPT tracking system to track the
maximum power point of photovoltaic system, and
•How to measure the complete parameters of the system
under different conditions.
System Requirements:
1) Simulation software (Available)
2) Photovoltaic modules
3) Electronic components as switches,
transformers,
opto-couples,
op-amps,
current sensors, battery, etc.
4) Water pump or other electric load,
5) Digital controller as PIC, FPGA, or DSP.
Deliverables:
A complete hardware control circuit for
controlling photovoltaic energy system will be
ready at the end of this project.
Technical Requirements:
1- Studying the analysis of photovoltaic cells,
2- Learning one of the following simulation
software, PSIM, PSCAD, or Simulink,
3- Learning how to design controller program
for digital controllers as PIC, FPGA, or DSP.
Customer Commitments: This circuit will be
very helpful for many companies provide a
controller for photovoltaic energy systems.
Area
economic
Area
Codes & Standards / Realistic Constraints
The price of the proposed hardware circuit will be
calculated and feasibility study of using this
hardware circuit instead of using any other
conventional energy sources like diesel engine.
Codes & Standards / Realistic Constraints
Feeding the system from renewable energy
sources will explain how to use these sources
environmental
to reduce the reduction of green house gases
generated from conventional power supplies.
Area
social
Area
political
Codes & Standards / Realistic Constraints
Remote loads need renewable irrigation
systems to feed different loads. The most
suitable solution is the photovoltaic energy
systems. So building photovoltaic energy
systems in these remote areas will help the
society to communicate with cities
Codes & Standards / Realistic Constraints
Electrical energy became a vital issue in the
modern countries. Increasing of using
renewable energy as photovoltaic that will not
harm environment and it does not depend on
any other factor except the sun will help some
community to depend on themselves in energy
production.
Area
ethical
Area
health and
safety
Codes & Standards / Realistic Constraints
Energy generated from sun will help us to reduce
the emission of green house gases that will harm
environment.
Codes & Standards / Realistic Constraints
Using of renewable energy as photovoltaic that
will not harm the environment and reduces the
emission of green house gases will improve the
health and safety of near communities.
Codes & Standards / Realistic
Area
Constraints
This system can be manufactured in
small scale to be used in many valuable
applications as in remote irrigation
systems, remote communication stations,
manufacturability
feeding residential loads in remote areas,
etc. The details of photovoltaic system
become mature technology and can be
manufactured with the local experience.
Codes & Standards / Realistic
Area
Constraints
Supplying
the
loads
from
renewable energy system will help
students to think about the
sustainability of electric energy
sustainability production. And help them to
participate in the improving the
environment in our planet and
reduce the dangerous effect of earth
worming phenomena.
Photovoltaic System Components
Solar Cell
CELL –
basic building
block in factory
Photovoltaic System Components (Cont.)
MODULE smallest unit that
can do real-world
work; building
block in the field
PV Modules
Photovoltaic System Components
PV Panel
PanelInterconnection
of many
modules in
series and
parallel
Photovoltaic System Components (Cont.)
ARRAY electrically
interconnected
panels
Flat Plate
PV System
PV Sun Tracker
Allows East-West
Rotation
Allows North-South
Rotation
PV Sun Tracker (Cont.)
Two Axis PV
System
Fixed Tilt angle
PV System
PV Sun Tracker (Cont.)
PV Concentrators
PV Applications
Residential Loads
PV Applications (Cont.)
Street Lighting
PV Applications (Cont.)
solar vehicles
PV Applications (Cont.)
Space Missions
PV Applications (Cont.)
Communication Stations in Remote Areas
PV Applications (Cont.)
Communication Stations in Remote Areas
PV Applications (Cont.)
space satellites and orbital stations
Types of PV Power Systems
Direct Coupled DC Load
DC Load with Battery Storage
Types of PV Power Systems (Cont.)
Stand Alone PV System
Grid Connected PV System
Types of PV Power Systems (Cont.)
Hybrid PV and Wind System
Types of PV Power Systems (Cont.)
Wind
PV
Diesel
Why photovoltaic system?
 Renewable Energy – No Fuel Cost
 No Emissions Including Noise and Thermals
 No Moving Parts-- Greatly Reduce Maintenance
 Long Service Life about 25-30 Years
 Modular Design Capability Allows Power System Sizes
from Calculator to Large Scale Utility Grid Support.
 Many Commercial Products Available, Including
Packaged Systems for Specific Applications
 Global Infrastructure Support
Why photovoltaic system? (Cont.)
 Reduce greenhouse gas and other emissions
Enhance diversity in energy supply markets and
strengthen energy security.
Renewable energy systems domesticate the
energy supply thus reducing import costs.
no waste generated from the operation of
renewable energy systems.
Create significant new employment opportunities in
energy infrastructure, manufacturing, installation and
etc.
Drawbacks of PV
High Initial cost ($2000 - $3000/kW)
The generated power depends on the time of the day.
PV Energy Cost
Worldwide PV Shipments
n
•
1998 - $1.5 billion
•
2020 - $27 billion
Price History
•1959 - $1000 per Watt
•1973 - $100 per Watt
•1980 - $10 per Watt
•1990 - $4.50 per Watt
•2000 - $3.50 per Watt
•2006 - $2.50 per Watt
Renewable Energy Cost
Renewable Energy Cost Trends
PV
40
40
COE cents/kWh
COE cents/kWh
50
30
20
10
1980
10
COE cents/kWh
20
10
0
1980
0
1990
2000
Geothermal
8
6
4
2
0
1980
Wind
30
1990
2000
2010
2020
2010
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2020
Solar thermal
15
Biomass
12
9
6
3
1990
2000
2010
2020
0
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Sun Hours Per Year Map
Photovoltaic Operation
Photovoltaic Operation (Cont.)
Photovoltaic Operation (Cont.)
Photovoltaic Operation (Cont.)
Series Connection
Parallel Connection
Photovoltaic Operation (Cont.)
Parallel Series Connection
Photovoltaic Characteristics
Output Power, pu
Maximum power curve
0.8
2
1000W/m
2
800W/m
0.6
2
600W/m
0.4
2
400W/m
2
200W/m
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Terminal Voltage, pu
0.8
1
Characteristics of PV module
If the PV array forced to operate around
maximum power point, 50% increase in the
output energy from Photovoltaic arrays
Photovoltaic Characteristics (Cont.)
I, P
1
Terminal current
0.9
0.8
Pmax
PV output power
0.7
P
0.6
P
0.5
VT
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
t e rm in a l vo lt a g e
Voltage
Terminal
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Maximum Power Point Tracker, MPPT
DC-DC boost
Converter
PV array
DC
Link
Constant Frequency
PWM Converter
Three Phase
utility
+
Lo
Vdc
+
Temperature
Radiation
Vopt PV
Simulator
Pmax
+
*
Vdc
+
+
+
PI
S
+
S
PI
S
PI
Current
controller
Pact
The control system of the proposed approach
Maximum Power Point Tracker, MPPT
Maximum Power Point Tracker, MPPT
Maximum Power Point Tracker, MPPT
12k
Actual Power
10k
8k
6k
4k
Maximum Power
2k 0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
time (sec.)
0.5
0.6
Remote Irrigation Systems
Remote Irrigation Systems (Cont.)
Remote Irrigation Systems (Cont.)
Remote Irrigation Systems (Cont.)
Remote Irrigation Systems (Cont.)