Transcript Restoration Plan Presentation

“FRCC RESTORATION PLAN
(BLACKOUT & BLACK START)”
- TRAINING FRCC SYSTEM OPERATOR
SEMINAR
Spring 2006
OBJECTIVES:
Review the elements of the “FRCC Restoration
Plan” Document
•
•
•
•
Introduction / Purpose
Definitions
Roles and Responsibilities
Blackout Restoration
• Priorities and General Procedures
• Black Start Restoration
• Priorities and General Procedures
• General Restoration Principles
• (Appendices)
INTRODUCTION / PURPOSE
• Plan is a Handbook Document
• Restoration Plan includes General Guidelines
and Recommendations
• Impossible to predict all possible emergency
scenarios and prescribe restoration actions.
• Intended to Coordinate with Individual Detailed
BA / TOP / RC Restoration Plans
• NOT Intended to Replace Operator Judgment
INTRODUCTION / PURPOSE
(cont)
• All restoration activities will be supervised by
the FRCC Reliability Coordinator (RC)
• BAs and TOPs to coordinate all actions through RC
including restoration of customer load
• Organized and Coordinated effort using sound
restoration practices.
• Ensure the Fastest possible Restoration of
Peninsular Florida
DEFINITIONS
• Blackout – A condition where a major portion,
perhaps all, of the electrical utility system is deenergized with much of the system tied together
through closed breakers.
• Black Start – Energizing portions of a blacked
out region utilizing resources independent of an
energized Interconnection.
DEFINITIONS
• Island – An isolated power system
including generation and load, with no
synchronized ties to the
Interconnection.
DEFINITIONS
Restoration Plan for off-site power to
generating plants
Definition of an electrical path from a
source in the energized system (or from a
GT site in case of Blackstart) to the plant.
This path should be cleared first and then
energized to restore the off-site power. If
possible, restore the de-energized system
from the interconnected (energized)
system since, in general, this can provide
faster restoration than Blackstart.
DEFINITIONS
• Surge Impedance Loading – The Surge
Impedance Loading is the MW loading
required to cancel the capacitance effect on
the line. (VARS IN = VARS OUT).
• Step-by-step ladder sequence – A
controlled sectionalizing of the transmission
grid and a sequential re-energization of the
bulk stations starting from the energized
system and moving through the blacked out
area.
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
(cont)
• FRCC Reliability Coordinator
• Establish and maintain communications with
FRCC BAs and TOPs
• Use of FRCC Hotline and/or Conference calls
• Use of FTMS Messaging system
• Establish communications with NERC and other
Reliability Coordinators to facilitate restoration
• Use of RCIS and/or NERC Hotline and
conference calls
• Coordinator on FLA/Southern Interface
impacts.
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
(cont)
• FRCC Reliability Coordinator (cont)
• Determine the extent of the affected area and
coordinate with affected BAs and TOPs to begin
restoration
• Monitor restoration progress and coordinate any
needed assistance
• Coordinate establishment of ties between
entities
• Communicate with FRCC office for NERC / FERC
/ DOE reports.
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
(cont)
• BA / TOP - System Operators
• Establish and maintain communications with
other BAs and TOPs
• Implement Individual BA / TOP Restoration Plan
• Guide restoration of critical communications
and computer links (ICCP links to other utilities)
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
(cont)
• BA / TOP - Generation and Interchange
• Manage remaining resources to balance
load and generation
• Coordinate with System Operator in
restoration effort
• ** Assess Black Start Capabilities **
BLACKOUT RESTORATION
(assumptions)
• One or more entity(s) of the FRCC has experienced a
blackout or island condition
• Assume restoration from Interconnection
• BAs and TOPs will implement Individual Restoration
Plans and coordinate with FRCC RC
• All generators, transmission elements, SCADA and
communications are assumed available in restoration
plan
• Cause of blackout not initially known - still out there
BLACKOUT RESTORATION
- Priorities -
• Maintain or restore off-site power to Nukes
• Restore startup power to all available plants
• Units may have “caught auxiliaries” and can
be re-synchronized to the grid.
• Must notify plant operators once start-up
power is available to the plant - plant will
determine when it is safe and ready to accept
start-up power
BLACKOUT RESTORATION
- Priorities (cont) • Restore from the Interconnection when possible
• In island condition, resynchronize to the
Interconnections as soon as possible
• Energize major transmission circuits in an
orderly step-by-step ladder sequence
• ** Build the transmission system first **
• Monitor effects of every action on the system
BLACKOUT RESTORATION
- Priorities (cont) -
• Monitor voltages at all busses to prevent over
voltage conditions
• Monitor real and reactive power flows
• Monitor frequency and coordinate load pick-up
• Restore service to all customers
BLACKOUT RESTORATION
- General Guidelines -
• Determine boundaries of the affected area
and communicate to the FRCC RC.
• Whenever possible restore the de-energized
system from the Interconnected system
• Energize system in a step-by-step ladder
sequence
BLACKOUT RESTORATION
- General Guidelines (cont) • Restoring startup power
to generating units
• Can bypass bulk stations
to speed up restoration
except where required to
control voltage or provide
relay protection.
BLACKOUT RESTORATION
- General Guidelines (cont) -
• ** Until station service is restored to a station,
breakers can only be operated a few times
before they lose their stored energy **
• Use shunt-reactors to control voltage
• Open breakers on Capacitor banks during
initial re-energization process.
• Avoid energizing high voltage cables on lightly
loaded system - capacitive effect
BLACKOUT RESTORATION
- General Procedure PROCESS TO ENERGIZE EQUIPMENT
• Step 1: Decide on a portion of the system to
energize
• Step 2: Isolate this portion of the system to
energize
• Step 3: Verify all switching has been completed
• Step 4: Energize the specified portion of the
system
BLACKOUT RESTORATION
- General Procedure (cont) PROCESS TO ENERGIZE EQUIPMENT (cont’d)
• Step 5: Monitor existing / newly energized
system for out of limit voltage and loading
conditions
• Step 6: If necessary, take corrective action to
eliminate out of limit conditions
BLACK START
(Assumptions)
• One or more BA(s) of the FRCC has experienced a
blackout or island condition
• Assume CANNOT Restore from Interconnection or
timing unknown
• Individual BA will implement its Restoration Plan
using its available black start capability and
coordinate with the FRCC RC
• All system elements again assumed available
• Cause of blackout still not known - still out there
•
•
•
•
•
BLACKSTART
- Priorities Start an island as close as possible to a Nuke
Restore off-site power to Nukes
Restore startup power to all available plants
Synchronize to the interconnection as soon as
possible
Energize major transmission circuits
• CAUTION: The dispatcher must carefully
watch generators and lines to avoid
system separation or high/low voltage
runaway during restoration.
• Restore service to all customers
BLACK START RESTORATION
- General Guidelines -
• General BLACKOUT RESTORATION guidelines
•
•
•
•
•
still apply in black start
In black start island frequency should be
maintained between 59.7 Hz to 60.5 Hz ( why ?)
In re-energizing system limit frequency drop to 0.2
Hz on each load pick up step (approx. 5% of on
line generation capacity)
Tie generation areas together whenever possible.
Increases load pick up ability.
Consider cold load pick up takes 30 minutes to
levelize
Observe guidelines on voltage parameters
BLACK START RESTORATION
- General Guidelines (cont) -
• Switch lines necessary to provide synchronization
at a plant location to the interconnection or
another island.
• Adjust frequency and voltage to allow
synchronization of the island to the
interconnection.
• Review and plan on synchronizing systems at
FRCC autosynch locations.
BLACK START RESTORATION
- General Procedure -
• In total blackout, affected utility may open all deenergized tie lines
• Start black start capable generation
• Energize transmission circuits with few
substations to minimize load pick up
• Energize radial loads while maintaining ability to
synchronize island to interconnection
GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES
FRCC Restoration Plan Appendices
• App A – Voltage Parameters
• App B – Surge Impedance Loading
• App C – Restoration Events and Tips
• App D – Black Start Units
• App E – Auto Synchronization Locations
GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES
(cont)
App. A – Voltage Parameters
• Emergency Voltage Limits are +/- 10%
Nom. Voltage
(kv)
500
230
138
115
69
Min.Voltage
(kv)
450
207
124
104
62
Max.voltage (kv)
continuous
550
242
145
121
73
Max.voltage (kv)
short term
550
253
152
125
75
GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES
(cont)
App. B – Surge Impedance Loading
• As a guide to loading the system consider Surge
Impedance Loading in order to control voltage.
Line Voltage (kv)
500
230
138
115
69
Surge Impedance
Loading (MW)
940
132
48
33
12
GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES
App. C –
(cont)
GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES
(cont)
App. D – Black Start Units –
Please see:
FRCC Restoration Procedures Appendices D & E tab
on FRCC ROG site for complete details….
GENERAL RESTORATION PRINCIPLES
(cont)
App. E – Auto Synchronization Locations –
Please see:
FRCC Restoration Procedures Appendices D & E tab
on FRCC ROG site for complete details….
The “Big Picture”
• Maintain “Situational Awareness”
• Develop Restoration Plan and execute Plan
• Coordinate all actions with affected plant
personnel and/or external utility operators
• “Who’s getting the Pizzas?”
• Proper use of guidelines and procedure
verification will prevent repeated cascades or
blackouts as restoration progresses…
QUESTIONS ….. ?