Transcript General Slide Show - PPM Safety Training

What is a load?
Self-Supporting (folding)
Non-Self-Supporting (leaning)
The way or amount of “lean”
that the ladder has between
where its base is and where it
rests against something.
The steps on a ladder.
May also be known as cleats
Both self-supporting and nonself supporting ladders MUST
be able to support four times
the intended load (weight).
This includes employee
weight and any tools/items.
Non-self-supporting ladders must be
supporting against a solid, safe
surface at all times.
The distance from the base of the
ladder to the support must be ¼ the
height of the extended ladder.
Rungs must be parallel.
Rungs must be uniformly spaced.
Rungs must be skid resistant.
Rungs must be free of slip hazards.
Ladders MUST be kept free of oil,
grease, paint, etc.
If you feel like you are going to drop
something while you are on a ladder,
let it fall!
PPM specifically prohibits the use of
wooden ladders.
Do NOT connect two or more
ladders together.
If you do not have the ladder for the
job, do not do it!
Self-Supporting ladders must have
locking device or spreader bar.
Areas around the top/bottom of the
ladder MUST be kept clear.
Never use a ladder for any purpose
other than its intended purpose.
Do NOT stand a ladder on a stair
rung!
ALWAYS secure a non-selfsupporting ladder with eve clamps
or other equipment to prevent ladder
falling or slippage!
Introduction
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
An average of one worker is electrocuted on the
job every day
There are four main types of electrical injuries:
 Electrocution (death due to electrical shock)
 Electrical shock
 Burns
 Falls
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Electrical Terminology
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Current – the movement of electrical charge
Resistance – opposition to current flow
Voltage – a measure of electrical force
Conductors – substances, such as metals, that
have little resistance to electricity
Insulators – substances, such as wood, rubber,
glass, and bakelite, that have high resistance to
electricity
Grounding – a conductive connection to the earth
which acts as a protective measure
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Electrical Shock
Received when current passes
through the body
 Severity of the shock depends on:
 Path of current through the body
 Amount of current flowing
through the body
 Length of time the body is in the
circuit
 LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT
MEAN LOW HAZARD

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Dangers of Electrical Shock
Currents greater than 75 mA*
can cause ventricular fibrillation
(rapid, ineffective heartbeat)
 Will cause death in a few
minutes unless a defibrillator is
used
 75 mA is not much current – a
small power drill uses 30 times
as much

Defibrillator in use
* mA = milliampere = 1/1,000 of an ampere
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How is an electrical shock received?
When two wires have different potential
differences (voltages), current will flow if they are
connected together
 In most household wiring, the black wires are at
110 volts relative to ground
 The white wires are at zero volts because they
are connected to ground
 If you come into contact with an energized (live)
black wire, and you are also in contact with the
white grounded wire, current will pass through
your body and YOU WILL RECEIVE A SHOCK

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How is an electrical shock received?
(cont’d)


If you are in contact with an energized wire or any
energized electrical component, and also with any
grounded object, YOU WILL RECEIVE A SHOCK
You can even receive a shock when you are not
in contact with a ground
 If you contact both wires of a 240-volt cable,
YOU WILL RECEIVE A SHOCK and possibly
be electrocuted
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Electrical Burns
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Most common shock-related,
nonfatal injury
Occurs when you touch
electrical wiring or equipment
that is improperly used or
maintained
Typically occurs on the hands
Very serious injury that needs
immediate attention
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Falls
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
Electric shock can also
cause indirect or secondary
injuries
Workers in elevated
locations who experience a
shock can fall, resulting in
serious injury or death
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Inadequate Wiring Hazards
A hazard exists when a conductor is too
small to safely carry the current
 Example: using a portable tool with an
extension cord that has a wire too small
for the tool
 The tool will draw more current

than the cord can handle,
causing overheating and a
possible fire without tripping the
circuit breaker
 The circuit breaker could be the
right size for the circuit but not
for the smaller-wire extension
cord
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Wire Gauge
WIRE
Wire gauge measures
wires ranging in size from
number 36 to 0 American
wire gauge (AWG)
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Overload Hazards
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If too many devices are
plugged into a circuit, the
current will heat the wires to
a very high temperature,
which may cause a fire
If the wire insulation melts,
arcing may occur and cause
a fire in the area where the
overload exists, even inside
a wall
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Electrical Protective Devices
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These devices shut off electricity flow in the
event of an overload or ground-fault in the circuit
Include fuses, circuit breakers, and ground-fault
circuit-interrupters (GFCI’s)
Fuses and circuit breakers are overcurrent
devices
 When there is too much current:
○ Fuses melt
○ Circuit breakers trip open
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Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter
This device protects you from
dangerous shock
 The GFCI detects a difference in
current between the black and
white circuit wires
(This could happen when electrical
equipment is not working correctly,
causing current “leakage” – known
as a ground fault.)
 If a ground fault is detected, the
GFCI can shut off electricity flow in
as little as 1/40 of a second,
protecting you from a dangerous
shock

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Grounding Hazards
Some of the most frequently violated OSHA
standards
 Metal parts of an electrical wiring system that we
touch (switch plates, ceiling light fixtures, conduit,
etc.) should be at zero volts relative to ground
 Housings of motors, appliances or tools that are
plugged into improperly grounded circuits may
become energized
 If you come into contact with an improperly grounded
electrical device, YOU WILL BE SHOCKED

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Overhead Powerline Hazards
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Most people don’t realize that
overhead powerlines are usually
not insulated
Powerline workers need special
training and personal protective
equipment (PPE) to work safely
Do not use metal ladders –
instead, use fiberglass ladders
Beware of powerlines when you
work with ladders and scaffolding
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Some Examples of OSHA
Electrical Requirements . . . .
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Grounding Path


The path to ground from
circuits, equipment, and
enclosures must be
permanent and
continuous
Violation shown here is an
extension cord with a
missing grounding prong
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Hand-Held Electric Tools
Hand-held electric tools pose a
potential danger because they
make continuous good contact
with the hand
 To protect you from shock,
burns, and electrocution, tools
must:

 Have a three-wire cord with ground
and be plugged into a grounded
receptacle, or
 Be double insulated, or
 Be powered by a low-voltage isolation
transformer
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Guarding of Live Parts
Must guard live parts of electric
equipment operating at 50 volts or
more against accidental contact by:
 Approved cabinets/enclosures, or
 Location or permanent partitions
making them accessible only to
qualified persons, or
 Elevation of 8 ft. or more above the
floor or working surface
 Mark entrances to guarded locations
with conspicuous warning signs

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Guarding of Live Parts
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
Must enclose or guard
electric equipment in
locations where it would be
exposed to physical damage
Violation shown here is
physical damage to conduit
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Cabinets, Boxes, and Fittings
Junction boxes, pull boxes
and fittings must have
approved covers
 Unused openings in cabinets,
boxes and fittings must be
closed (no missing
knockouts)
 Photo shows violations of
these two requirements

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Use of Flexible Cords
More vulnerable than fixed wiring
 Do not use if one of the recognized
wiring methods can be used instead
 Flexible cords can be damaged by:
 Aging

 Door or window edges
 Staples or fastenings
 Abrasion from adjacent
materials
 Activities in the area

Improper use of flexible cords can
cause shocks, burns or fire
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Permissible Uses of Flexible Cords
Examples
Pendant, or
Fixture Wiring
Portable lamps,
tools or appliances
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Stationary equipmentto facilitate interchange
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Prohibited Uses of Flexible Cords
Examples
Substitute for
fixed wiring
Run through walls,
ceilings, floors,
doors, or windows
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Concealed behind
or attached to
building surfaces
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Clues that Electrical Hazards Exist
Tripped circuit breakers or blown fuses
 Warm tools, wires, cords, connections, or
junction boxes
 GFCI that shuts off a circuit
 Worn or frayed insulation around wire or
connection

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Training
Train employees working with electric equipment
in safe work practices, including:
 Deenergizing electric equipment before
inspecting or making repairs
 Using electric tools that are in good repair
 Using good judgment when working near
energized lines
 Using appropriate protective equipment
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Summary
Hazards
 Inadequate wiring
 Exposed electrical parts
 Wires with bad insulation
 Ungrounded electrical
systems and tools
 Overloaded circuits
 Damaged power tools and
equipment
 Using the wrong PPE and
tools
 Overhead powerlines
 All hazards are made worse
in wet conditions
Protective Measures
 Proper grounding
 Using GFCI’s
 Using fuses and circuit
breakers
 Guarding live parts
 Proper use of flexible
cords
 Training
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Personal Protective Equipment
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Protecting Employees from
Workplace Hazards
•
•
Employers must protect employees from
workplace hazards such as machines,
hazardous substances, and dangerous work
procedures that can cause injury
Employers must:
 Use all feasible engineering and work practice controls
to eliminate and reduce hazards
 Then use appropriate personal protective equipment
(PPE) if these controls do not eliminate the hazards.
•
Remember, PPE is the last level of control!
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Payment for PPE
When PPE is required to protect employees, it
must
be provided by the employer at no cost to
employees, except for specific items, such as:
• Safety-toe footwear,
• Prescription safety eyewear,
• Everyday clothing and weather-related gear, and
• Logging boots
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Examples of PPE
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•
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•
•
•
•
Eye - safety glasses, goggles
Face - face shields
Head - hard hats
Feet - safety shoes
Hands and arms - gloves
Bodies - vests
Hearing - earplugs, earmuffs
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Establishing a PPE Program
•
Sets out procedures for selecting, providing
and using PPE as part of an employer’s
routine operation
• First -- assess the workplace to determine if
hazards are present, or are likely to be
present, which necessitate the use of PPE
• Once the proper PPE has been selected, the
employer must provide training to each
employee who is required to use PPE
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Training
Employees required to use PPE must be
trained to know at least the following:
• When PPE is necessary
• What type of PPE is necessary
• How to properly put on, take off, adjust, and wear
• Limitations of the PPE
• Proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal
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Eye Protection
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What are some of the
causes of eye injuries?
•
•
•
•
•
Dust and other flying particles, such as metal
shavings or sawdust
Molten metal that might splash
Acids and other caustic liquid chemicals that might
splash
Blood and other potentially infectious body fluids
that might splash, spray, or splatter
Intense light such as that created by welding and
lasers
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Safety Spectacles
•
•
•
Made with metal/plastic safety frames
Most operations require side shields
Used for moderate impact from particles
produced by such jobs as carpentry,
woodworking, grinding, and scaling
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Goggles
•
•
Protect eyes, eye sockets, and the facial area
immediately surrounding the eyes from impact,
dust, and splashes
Some goggles fit over corrective lenses
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Welding Shields
Protect eyes from burns caused by infrared or
intense radiant light, and protect face and eyes
from flying sparks, metal spatter, and slag chips
produced during welding, brazing, soldering, and
cutting
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Face Shields
•
Protect the face from nuisance dusts and
potential splashes or sprays of hazardous liquids
• Do not protect employees from impact hazards
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Head Protection
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What are some of the
causes of head injuries?
•
Falling objects
•
Bumping head against fixed objects, such
as exposed pipes or beams
•
Contact with exposed electrical conductors
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Classes of Hard Hats
Class G (formerly Class A)1
• General service (e.g., mining, building construction,
shipbuilding, lumbering, and manufacturing)
• Good impact protection but limited voltage protection
Class E (formerly Class B)1
• Electrical work
• Protect against falling objects, high-voltage shock/burns
Class C
• Designed for comfort, offer limited protection
• Protects heads that may bump against fixed objects, but
do not protect against falling objects or electrical shock
1
Per ANSI Z89.1-1997
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Hearing Protection
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Examples of Hearing Protectors
Earmuffs
Earplugs
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Canal Caps
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Foot Protection
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What are some of the
causes of foot injuries?
•
•
•
•
•
Heavy objects such as barrels or tools that might
roll onto or fall on employees’ feet
Sharp objects such as nails or spikes that might
pierce the soles or uppers of ordinary shoes
Molten metal that might splash on feet
Hot or wet surfaces
Slippery surfaces
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Safety Shoes
•
•
•
Have impact-resistant toes
and heat-resistant soles that
protect against hot surfaces
common in roofing, paving,
and hot metal industries
Some have metal insoles to
protect against puncture
wounds
May be designed to be
electrically conductive for use
in explosive atmospheres, or
nonconductive to protect from
workplace electrical hazards
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Metatarsal Guards
A part of the shoes or strapped to the outside
of shoes to protect the instep from impact and
compression
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Hand Protection
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What are some of the hand injuries you need
to guard against?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Burns
Bruises
Abrasions
Cuts
Punctures
Fractures
Amputations
Chemical Exposures
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Types of Gloves
Norfoil laminate resists
permeation and
breakthrough by an array of
toxic/hazardous chemicals.
Butyl provides the highest
permeation resistance to gas
or water vapors; frequently
used for ketones (M.E.K.,
Acetone) and esters (Amyl
Acetate, Ethyl Acetate).
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Types of Gloves (cont’d)
Viton is highly resistant to
permeation by chlorinated and
aromatic solvents.
Nitrile provides protection
against a wide variety of
solvents, harsh chemicals, fats
and petroleum products and
also provides excellent
resistance to cuts, snags,
punctures and abrasions.
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Types of Gloves (cont’d)
Kevlar protects against cuts,
slashes, and abrasion.
Stainless steel mesh
protects against cuts and lacerations.
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Body Protection
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What are some of the
causes of body injuries?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Intense heat
Splashes of hot metals and other hot liquids
Impacts from tools, machinery, and materials
Cuts
Hazardous chemicals
Contact with potentially infectious materials,
like blood
• Radiation
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Body Protection
Cooling
Vest
Sleeves and Apron
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Body Protection
Full Body Suit
Coveralls
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