Transcript Sensing Through the Continent: Towards Monitoring Migratory Birds

Sensing Through the Continent: Towards
Monitoring Migratory Birds Using
Cellular Sensor Networks.
By
Kotagiri Rakheesh
UIN: 00918462
Authors, Sponsors and
Acknowledgment
David Anthony , William P. Bennett, Jr., Mehmet C. Vuran,
Matthew B. Dwyer.
Sebastian Elbaum , Anne Lacy, Mike Engels,
Walter Wehtje.
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln,
{danthony,wbennett,mcvuran,dwyer,elbaum}
[email protected] , International Crane Foundation, Baraboo, WI
anne, engels}@savingcranes.org, The Crane Trust, Wood River, NE
[email protected] .
This work was supported, in part, by the National Science Foundation
under CAREER Award CNS-0953900 and
Award CNS-0720654; and by the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration under grant number NNX08AV20A.
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Why This Paper
In monitoring migratory birds.
Learning the causes for mortality of birds.
In return helps in aero ecological balance.
In the technical field the growth of CSN.
Cellular Sensor Networks.
Research scope:
1) Scope to develop mobile sensing sensors.
2) Sensors platforms, Reliable Sensor Networks
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Presentation Flow
Introduction
 Related Work
 Back Ground Work
 Crane Tracker
 Evaluation and Discussion
 Conclusion
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Introduction
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The Whooping Crane is one of the most endangered bird species native to
North America.
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The study of its migration helps in conservation of the endangered birds.
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In this paper we see the design challenges, The sensors used shouldn’t
disturb the behavior of the bird.
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We come across WSN(wireless sensor networks)
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Period of study.
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Migration Study.
Related Work
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Since 1930 many efforts have been kept towards tracking migration of
birds.
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But the gathered information was less for analyzing the migration of birds,
And the process require intensive labor.
1)
Whooping Crane Tracking:
Prior methods in tracking involved people having visual contact with birds.
They used to place colored bands to the birds to differentiate them from other
birds.
Ground based monitors(man) used to spot the birds migration areas and make
record of these birds----This has limitation of migration area.
Over a period of time , light weight leg bands were used. These bands are
attached with VHF(very high frequency) transmitters. This helped to over
come manual visualization but still----Has limitations of communication
range and manual effort of following.
Cont.…
Later in todays GPS receivers communicate with satellite links, this help to
trace the migration path.
But this approach too have limitations currently which we are facing.
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The size of GPS antenna.
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Cost purchasing and operating the device.
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Devices limited energy.
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With standing climatic conditions.
2) Wild life monitoring with WSN:
This Wireless Sensor Networks can be classified in two kinds.
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Infrastructure based
Limitations—Not possible to place these nodes through out the birds habitat.
—Communication delay.
Cont.….
Ad-hoc
A wireless ad hoc network is a decentralized type of wireless network. The ad
hoc network does not rely on a preexisting infrastructure, such as routers in
wired networks or access points in managed (infrastructure) wireless
networks. Instead, each node participates in routing by forwarding data for
other nodes, and so the determination of which nodes forward data is made
dynamically based on the network connectivity. In addition to the classic
routing, ad hoc networks can use flooding for forwarding the data.
Limitation--- Works only when birds are in close vicinity.
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3) Reliability:
We need a reliable OS, Which is very simple in use a only to handle this
related data. So in this we adapt to Aspect-oriented programming techniques,
With this we develop a TinyOS for runtime monitoring in simulations.
To make this tracking of birds and monitoring them successful we need rely
completely on a strategy, equipment, communication network. For this………
Cont.…..
We adopt to Wireless Cellular Network.
A cellular network is a radio network distributed over land areas called
cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a
cell site or base station. In a cellular network, each cell uses a different set
of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide
guaranteed bandwidth within each cell.
When joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide
geographic area. This enables a large number of portable transceivers to
communicate with each other and even if some of the transceivers are
moving through more than one cell during transmission.
Cellular networks offer a number of advantages over alternative solutions:
increased capacity
reduced power use
larger coverage area
reduced interference from other signals
BACKGROUND
In this we are going to see the Requirements and challenges faced in
monitoring cranes.
1) Requirements:
The requirements of the tracker device.
Weight :
< 120 grams
GPS:
2 samples per day
Location Accuracy : < 10m desired, <25m acceptable
Communication Latency: < 24 hrs
Migration Tracking
Reduced Latency
Bird movement characterization
Long-term operation
Flexible operation
Backpack Mounting
Cont…..
Challenges:
1) Weight and Size Restrictions.
2) Mobility
3) Unattended Operation
4) Unknown Behaviors
5) Endangered Status
Crane Tracker
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In this part we going to see how the Requirements can be achieved and
challenges can be addressed.
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The Crane Tracker, This system has mainly two components.
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The Crane Tracker that is attached to the cranes and monitors their
movement throughout the Continent.
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Back-end components that are used to store, analyze, and visualize the
collected data.
Multi-Modal Communication
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After all the Sensor networks available, we finally adopted to Cellular
Sensor Networks.
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GSM technology is used for this project because its widespread
international adoption will enable future experiments in a wide variety of
locations.
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The GSM module requires careful power supply design. While the rest of
the platform components operate at 3.3V.
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Testing on the CraneTracker showed the module used an average of 64mA
while sending a text message.
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However, in breeding and wintering locations, cranes generally use the
same locations over several years. If cellular coverage is lacking at this
particular location, long-term storage may not be sufficient to. store all of
the recorded information.
Multi-modal Sensing
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Sensing components were selected to provide information about the bird,
the environment, and the system.
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The sensing requirements specify position information, movement
information, ambient solar power, temperature, and battery voltage.
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The selection of this receiver is based on multiple factors including power
consumption, chip weight, antenna weight, size, channels, sensitivity,
position accuracy, durability and time-to-first-fix.
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To characterize the bird movements and behaviors an HMC6343 solid-state
compass, which includes a three dimensional accelerometer and
magnetometer, and temperature sensor in a single package is selected.
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Environmental data is collected through the temperature sensor in the
compass and through the solar panel. To infer the intensity of ambient light
through the solar panel, the voltage and current are recorded from the
panel. In addition to bird-specific and environmental data, information
about the system performance is also desired.
Energy Harvesting and Power
Control
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To maximize the lifetime of the device, a flexible solar panel from Power
Film is used to recharge a lithium polymer battery.
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The solar panel specification states it is capable of providing 50mA at 4.8V.
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A lithium polymer battery is used because its high energy density
minimizes the weight of the device, while allowing it to run for extended
periods when solar energy is not available.
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The voltage and current supplied by the solar panel is monitored and
logged by the mote as well.
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The output from the charge management circuit is used to charge the
battery.
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The separation of software from system control enables the system to
recover from unforeseen software errors.
Crane Tracker Hardware and
Software
Data Management
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Data is organized into sensor records. The records stored in flash are
divided into compass and GPS records that are prefixed with a common
header.
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The stored data is organized into a FIFO circular queue that can hold up to
16, 912 records. In the event that the queue fills without data being
transmitted, the oldest data in the system is overwritten first.
Enclosure Design
To fulfill the durability and environmental protection requirements, several
harness and enclosure designs were evaluated.
Based on the feedback from ecologists, a backpack approach is used.
In addition, a backpack design has potential benefits to system design since
exposure to the sun and movement monitoring accuracy increases when
compared to a leg band.
Fault Detection and Tolerance
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To maximize the chance of a mission’s success, the system must be fault
tolerant.
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Additionally, the system software should undergo thorough testing and
verification.
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The first area of fault tolerance is in the communication scheme. The
combination of GSM and short-range radio enables the tracker to
continuing operating when one method is damaged or unable to
communicate.
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Second, the GPS and compass can redundantly sense some of the
information about the cranes, such as whether they are alive or dead.
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Finally, the hardware provides fault tolerance for the software. In cases
where a software fault leaves the system in a high energy consumption
state, the hardware is capable of removing power and rebooting the system
after too much energy has been consumed.
Wild Sand hill Crane Deployments
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Five cranes from three families have participated in the experiments. The
cranes are designated JB-Male and JB-Female; SH-Female and SH-Chick;
and BB-Female. The two letter prefix identifies the crane’s family, and the
suffix is the crane’s gender.
EVALUATION AND DISCUSSION
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First this crane tracker is used on turkey hen.
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Control: A stationary control mote is placed in the open within 1 km of the
hen’s habitat. This mote consists of the same hardware and software as
attached to the captured turkey.
Captive Siberian Crane Experiments
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To evaluate the performance on a real crane in a semi controlled
environment, the CraneTracker was tested in July 2011 with three captive
Siberian Cranes: A. Wright, Bazov, and Hagrid.
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Lessons Learned: During the experiments at the site,heading, pitch, and roll
were inconsistent even though component tests were successful in other
locations. This erroneous behavior was confirmed with all compass units
available as well as an alternate inertial measurement unit and a
smartphone.
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE
WORK
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Developing and evaluating a tracking platform for Whooping Cranes,
which present unique challenges in their mobility and extremely low
population size.
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The developed cellular sensor network platform seeks to provide more
detailed data on these birds’ behavior.
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CraneTracker’s design aims to provide multi-modal sensing and multimodal communication capabilities that allow reliable and time-critical
monitoring on a continental scale.
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In the near future, the platform will be deployed on extended missions with
captive-reared Whooping Cranes. Given successful field tests, the devices
can then be deployed to the Whooping Crane population. The collected
data from the Whooping Cranes will be used to identify and protect critical
habitat areas for this iconic bird species.