Transcript Microwave Active Circuit Design

主動微波電路設計
Microwave Active Circuit Design
黃凡修 Fan-Hsiu Huang
[email protected]
1
Scope of Course
Active Devices
(transistor &
diode)
Passive Components
(transmission line
& lump LC)
Microwave
Communication &
Applications
Concept and Design
of Microwave and Millimeter-wave
Circuits (non MIC or MMIC technology)
Microwave and Millimeter-wave
Subsystem and System
2
Microwave Active Circuit Design
Textbook:
[1] K. Chang, “RF and Microwave Circuit and Component Design for
wireless systems”, John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
[2] G. Gonzalez, "Microwave Transistor Amplifier Analysis and Design",
Prentice Hall, 1996.
Reference:
[1] David. M. Pozar, “Microwave Engineering,” 3rd Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004.
[2] B. Razavi, “RF Microelectronics”, Prentice Hall, 1998
[3] 呂學士,"微波通訊半導體電路",全華科技, 2001.
3
Microwave Active Circuit Design
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Passive components and transmission line
3. Microwave transistor and diode
4. Low-noise amplifier and broadband amplifier
5. Oscillator and phase noise
6. RF mixer circuit
7. RF switch circuit
8. Power amplifier
9. IC packaging technology and its concern
10. Microwave related circuits and systems
4
Microwave Active Circuit Design
Prerequisites & Grading Policy
• Prerequisites:
Electromagnetics I & II.
• Grading Policy:
– Homework: 20%
(2 reports for paper review, 4 pages for each,
choosing two topics as introduced in this course )
– Midterm: 40%
– Final Project: 40%
(Circuit design and presentation, choosing one of
the papers you studied)
5
Radio-Frequency Bands (1)
6
Radio-Frequency Bands (2)
7
Radio-Frequency Bands (3)
Absorption by the atmosphere in clear weather
8
Microwave Communication System (1)
RF transceiver including passive components
(SAW filter, LC matching network) and
active circuits (switch, PA, LNA, mixer, VGA,
VCO, synthesizer…)
9
Microwave Communication System (2)
Analog RF system
Digital RF system
10
Microwave Communication System (3)
11
Microwave Communication System (4)
Channel access method used by various radio communication technologies.
The methods allow multiple users simultaneous access to a transmission system.
• TDMA (Time division multiple access)
• FDMA (Frequency division multiple access)
• CDMA (Code division multiple access)
12
Microwave Communication System (5)
13
Microwave Communication System (6)
14
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
A wireless local area network (WLAN) links
two or more devices using some wireless
distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or
OFDM radio), and usually providing a
connection through an access point to the wider
internet. This gives users the mobility to move
around within a local coverage area and still be
connected to the network. Most modern WLANs
are based on IEEE 802.11 standards, marketed
under the Wi-Fi brand name.
標準名稱
傳輸頻寬（理論/實際）
傳輸距離
使用頻段
普及度
802.11a
54Mbps（22Mbps）
約30公尺
5 GHz
少
802.11b
11Mbps（5Mbps）
約40-50公尺
2.4 GHz
最多
802.11g
54Mbps（22Mbps）
約40-50公尺
2.4 GHz
多
15
Digital Cellular and Cordless Phone Standards
Standard
Multiple
Access
Receive
Frequency
(MHz)
Transmit
Frequency
(MHz)
Channel
Spacing
(kHz)
Mod.
Scheme
/4 DQPSK
Region
DAMPS
(IS-54)
TDMA/FDMA
869-894
824-849
30
USA
GSM
TDMA/FDMA
935-960
890-915
200
GMSK
Europe
CDMA
(IS-95)
CDMA/FDMA
869-894
824-849
1250
BPSK/QPSK
USA
JDC
TDMA/FDMA
940-956
1447-1489
1501-1513
810-826
1429-1441
1453-1465
25
/4 QPSK
Japan
W-CDMA
CDMA
Emerging
ISM
TDMA/CDMA/
FDMA
902-928
DCS-1800
TDMA/FDMA
CT2
FDMA
DECT
PHS
40,000
M-PSK
USA
902-928
10,000
BPSK
USA
1895-1907
1710-1785
200
GFSK
UK
864-868
864-868
100
GFSK
Europe
Asia
TDMA/FDMA
1800-1900
1800-1900
1728
GFSK
Europe
TDMA/FDMA
1895-1907
1895-1907
300
/4 DQPSK
Japan
16
Specifications for 2G Communication
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
DCS (Distributed Control System)
17
Specifications for 3G/4G Communication
3G/3.5G/3.75G
Distance
(km)
Data rate
(Mbps)
Band
(GHz)
TX peak power
(dBm)
CDMA2000
WCDMA
TD-SCDMA
3~12
0.3~2
0.82~0.85
1.92~1.98
2.11~2.17
33/27/24/21
HSDPA
3~12
3.6/7.2/14.4
0.85/1.9/2.1
24
HSUPA
3~12
3.6/7.2/14.4
0.85/1.9/2.1
24
18
Specifications for 3G/4G Communication
4G
Distance
(km)
Data rate
(Mbps)
Band
(GHz)
TX peak power
(dBm)
WiMAX 802.16e
up to 50
10/30/70
2.3~2.7
3.4~3.7
5.8
33/27/24/21
3
50/100
0.7~0.86 (FDD)
1.5~2.1 (FDD)
2.3~2.6 (TDD)
33/27/24/21
LTE
19
RF ICs and Modules (1)
20
RF ICs and Modules (1)
LDMOS PA for VHF band
GaN 40 W Class-E PA
GaAs X-band PA
SiGe PA for WiMAX
SiC 10 W Class-AB PA
21
System on Chip (SoC)
22
Microwave/millimeter-wave Applications (1)
Microwave Oven Specification
AC Power: 120 Volts AC 60 Hz (13.3A)
1500 Watts, Single phase, 3 wire grounded
Output Power: 1200 Watts full microwave
power (IEC60705)
Frequency: 2450 MHz
Magnetron: 2M246-050GF
Timer: 0 ~ 99 min. 99 sec.
23
Microwave/millimeter-wave Applications (2)
77 GHz
Automotive Radar
24
Microwave/millimeter-wave Applications (3)
94 GHz MMW image obtained from a scanning radiometer
25
Microwave/millimeter-wave Applications (4)
Australian Radio Tele-scope using
an InP amplifier (100 GHz)
THz differential absorption radar
26
S-parameter (1)
Generalized scattering parameters have been defined by K. Kurokawa.
These parameters describe the interrelationships of a new set of variables (ai , bi).
The variables ai and bi are normalized complex voltage waves incident on and reflected
from the ith port of the network.
They are defined in terms of the terminal voltage Vi , the terminal current Ii , and an
arbitrary reference impedance Zi ,where the asterisk denotes the complex conjugate:
27
S-parameter (2)
Limitations of lumped models At low frequencies most circuits behave in a predictable
manner and can be described by a group of replaceable, lumped-equivalent black
boxes. At microwave frequencies, as circuit element size approaches the wavelengths of
the operating frequencies, such a simplified type of model becomes inaccurate. The
physical arrangements of the circuit components can no longer be treated as black boxes.
We have to use a distributed circuit element model and s-parameters.
28
S-parameter (3)
29
S-parameter (4)
30
S-parameter (5)
31
Network Analyzer (1)
S11,S12
S11,S21
S22,S21
S22,S12
Vector network analyzer (VNA): The vector network analyzer, VNA is a more useful
form of RF network analyzer than the SNA as it is able to measure more parameters about
the device under test. Not only does it measure the amplitude response, but it also looks at
the phase as well. As a result vector network analyzer, VNA may also be called a gain-phase
meter or an Automatic Network Analyzer.
DUT must be measured under a small input power (small-signal operation)
32
Network Analyzer (2)
Formats of S parameters
Log scale plot
Polar
Smith chart
33
Network Analyzer (3)
Large Signal Network Analyzer (LSNA): The large signal network analyzer, LSNA is a
highly specialized for of RF network analyzer that is able to investigate the characteristics
of devices under large signal conditions. It is able to look at the harmonics and nonlinearties of a network under these conditions, providing a full analysis of its operation. A
previous version of the Large Signal Network Analyzer, LSNA was known as the
Microwave Transition Analyzer, MTA
[S]p,f,n
p: input power
f: operation frequency
n: harmonic order
34
Network Analyzer (4)
X-parameters are a unified way of describing nonlinear device-under-test (DUT) behavior:
• Harmonics
• Large signal input & output match
• Large signal isolation and transmission
35
Network Analyzer (5)
Sum of the harmonics can transform the frequency-domain
signals into time-domain signals.
36