Transcript RAM - Mr.A

WELCOME’S YOU
for
Free computer course offered by Govt.
of Tamil Nadu under SJSRY Scheme
COURSE 1
HARDWARE
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BASIC HARDWARE
IDENTIFICATION OF PARTS OF PC
PARTS OF MOTHER BOARD
ADD-ON –CARDS
VARIOUS PHERIPERALS
TYPES OF RAM
COMMUNICATION PORTS
PC ASSEMBLING.
BIOS SETUP.
OS INSTALLATION
DEVICE DRIVERS INSTALLATION
SOFTWARE INSTALLATION
CD WRITING/PRINTING
COMPUTER
COMPUTER FULL FORM
 Common
 Operating
 Machine
 Particularly
 Used for
 Trade
 Education and
 Research
COMPUTER INVENTED BY
 Charles Babbage (US)
INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER
1ST Generation Computer {1946-1955}
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Very large size
Very slow
Very less program can be fed
It is made from Glass and valves
Hence it will get heated very fast
Its life time is very short
It requires high voltage
Very costly
INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER
2nd Generation Computer {1956-1965}
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The size of the computer is small when compared
to 1st Generation Computer.
This has been made using Transistor.
We can use basic cobal language in this Computer.
Models: IBM 1401, IBM 1602,CDC1604
INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER
3rd Generation Computer {1966-1975}
These computer are made using
IC (Integrated circuits).
 It memory capacity is up to 4 MB
 It accept high language.
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Models:IBM system / 360, 370, ICL
series.
1900, 2000
INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER
4th Generation Computer{1976-1985}
This computer has been made using chips, thousands of
transistor are inbuilt in a chip.
 It works very fast and the size also small, compared 3rd
Generation Computer.
 Its memory is up to 100 MB.
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MODELS: hp 3000, Apple II , VAX II
INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER
5th Generation Computer {1986-2009}
At present we are using 5th Generation Computer
 Chip set is used here.
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MAIN PARTS OF COMPUTER
I . Input unit (Key Board / Mouse)
II. Output unit (Monitor/printer )
III. System unit – Processing data
i. Core unit
ii. Storage unit
iii. Power unit
SYSTEM UNIT
The main parts in System unit are :
1. Core unit : (Mother Board, Processor, Ram )
2. Storage Unit :
[a] Permanent storage - Hard disk
[b] Removable storage - CD-ROM,CD-R/W,
DVD & Floppy Drive.
3. Power Unit : SMPS (Switch Mode Power
Supply) – For power supply.
1.CORE UNIT
 MOTHERBOARD
:
It contains the main pc circuit and chipset
 PROCESSOR :
The processor which executes the program code and
controls all other devices in PC.
 MEMORY MODULES :
RAM is the working space for the processor and it
executes the programs .
MOTHER BOARD
TYPES OF MOTHERBOARD
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XT - 5+6=11PINS
AT - 6+6 =12PINS
ATX - 10+10=20PINS
MATX - 20+4=24PINS
PROCESSOR
 PROCESSOR
IS BRAIN OF THE COMPUTER
 THERE ARE TWO TYPES
1. SLOT TYPE (OR) CARD TYPE
2. SOCKET TYPE (OR) PIN TYPE
PROCESSOR MANUFACTORS
PENTIUM
AMD
CELERON
8088
80286
80386
80486
PENTIUM
PENTIUM PRO
PENTIUM MMX
PENTIUM
I,II,III,IV
AMD ATHALON
AMD SEMPRON
AMD DURON
AMD XP
CELERON A
CELERON B
CELERON C
CELERON D
MEMORY MODULES
 RAM
: (Random Access Memory)
 TYPES
OF MEMORY MODULES :
A]. S - RAM (Static RAM)
B]. D - RAM (Dynamic RAM)
RAM : It is in-built in processor. it’s
normally called as Cachee memory. Frequent
works are stored in s-ram memory.
 S-
MEMORY
RAM
ROM
PROM
EPROM
EEPROM
S-RAM
CACHE
L1,L2,L3
D-RAM
EDO
SDRAM
RD RAM
DDR RAM
D-RAM TYPES
D
- RAM: There are four types of Dynamic RAM which
depends upon the speed and capacity.
 TYPES
OF MEMORY MODULE :
i. EDO RAM -Extended Data Out RAM
ii. SD RAM - Synchronized Dynamic RAM
iii. RD RAM -Ram bus Dynamic RAM
iv. DDR RAM -Double Data Rate Dynamic RAM
I
.EDO - RAM
EDO - EXTENTED DATA OUT RAM
 Year:1995
 Pins :72, 30
 Speed : 33 MHz to 66 MHz,
 Cut : Center cut(72),no cuts(30.)
 Condition: Pair and Equal Order. Slot 2 should not
be used instead of Slot 1
EDO DRAM
II.SD-RAM
SD (SYNCHRONIZED DYNAMIIC RAM) :
 Year : 1996
 PIN : 168 Pins,
 Speed : 66 to 200 MHz.
 Capacity : 32 MB, 64 MB , 128 MB and 256 MB,
Now available only up to 128 MB
 Cuts : Centre and Corner Cut.
 Condition : Nil
SDRAM
III.RD
RAM
RD RAM [ Rambus Dynamic RAM]
 Year : 1999
 Pin : 184 Pins
 Speed : 800 MHz to 1600 MHz.
 Capacity : 256 MB, 512 MB, 1 GB
 Cuts : Two Center Cut.
 Condition : Not used in single RAM but option is
to use Crimm Stick .(Crimm Stick is a dummy
stick). It is used to just close another slot.
RD RAM
IV.DDR
RAM
DDR RAM [ DOUBLE DADA RATE]
 Year: 1999 to 2008
 Pin : 184
 Speed : 200 – 1333 MHz
 Capacity : 128, 256, 512 MB, 1 GB and 2 GB
 Cut : Center Cut
 Condition: Ram speed should not exceed processor speed
DDR RAM
2.STORAGE UNIT
TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES
[a] Permanent storage :
Hard drive
The devices which stores the data and programs
[b] Removable storage :
Floppy drive
Other drive :CDROM Drives, DVDROM,
CD&DVD writer, Provides removable storage
3.POWER UNIT
SMPS : (Switch Mode Power Supply)
 It convert the voltage from 230 AC to 12 DC.
 The module which supplies the DC power to the
motherboard and all the units at the required voltages.
 It contains Power connector - 12 volt DC.
Molex - 5 volt DC.
Mini Molex - 3 volt DC.
PARTS OF MOTHER BOARD
 1.
Chip Set
 2. Processor socket
 3. Memory modules & slots.
 4. Expansion slot
 5. Drive Connector
 6. BIOS Chip
 7. CMOS Battery
 8. Front Panel
 9. IO Port Connector
 10. Power Connector
1.CHIP SETS
CHIP SETS : A chip set consists of a group of IC which are
inbuilt in the board. Now we are using two types of Chip
set.
1.North Bridge Chipset (or) Encouraging Chip
It is located in-between the Processor and RAM. It is called
as System Control Chip (or) Memory Controller hub
[MCH].
2. South Bridge Chipset :
It is located away from the processor. It is called as
Peripheral control chip set (or) I/O controller hub[ICH] .
2.PROCESSOR SOCKET
PROCESSOR :
It is the brain of computer, it execute the
program codes and control all other devices.
Types of processor socket :
1) slot type - card type [old]
2) socket type - pin type [new]
PROCESSOR SOCKET
Types of sockets :
 DIP - Dual Inline Processor
 LIF - Lower Insertion Force
 ZIF - Zero Insertion Force [with lock].
 LGA - LAN Grid Array [Latest]
MANUFACTURES:
Intel, AMD, Celeron.
3.MEMORY SLOTS
SIMM SLOT- Single Inline Memory Model
PINS - 72 PINS
CUT - CENTER CUT
USED RAM - EDO RAM
DIMM SLOT- Dual Inline Memory model
PINS - 168
CUT - CENTER & CORNER cut
USED RAM - SD RAM
RIMM SLOT- RAMBUS Inline Memory Model
PINS - 184
CUT - TWO CENTER CUT
USED RAM - RD RAM
DDR DIMM - Double Data Rate Dual Inline
Memory Model
PINS - 184 PINS
CUT - CENTER
USED RAM - DDR RAM
4 . EXPANSION SLOTS
Expansion Slot :
 It is used to fix the add on card.
ADD ON CARDS :
In the latest Mother Board most
of the cards are inbuilt in the Mother Board itself. If
required, the following add on cards can be fixed in
the motherboard.
EXPANSION SLOTS
TYPES OF EXPANSTION SLOTS :
 A. ISA slot - Industrial Standard Architecture.
 B. PCI slot - Peripheral Component Interface.
 C. AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port.
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D. PCIE X16 - Peripheral Component Interface
Express* x 16.
A . ISA SLOT
ISA: Industrial Standard Architecture.
 It is long and black in colour.
 Pins - 98
 Speed - 8.3 MHz.
 Capacity - 16 Bit
 Non Plug and play
B .PCI SLOT
PCI : Peripheral Component Interface.
 It
is small and white in color.
 Pins - 120
 Speed - 33.3 MHz
 Capacity - 32 Bit
 Plug and play
C .AGP SLOT
AGP : Accelerated Graphics Port.
 It is long and Violet, brown in colour.
 Pins - 124.
 Speed - System speed.
 Capacity - 64 bits.
 Plug and play
 Only Graphics card can be fixed
D. PCIE*X16 SLOT
PCIEX16 : PCI Express *x16.
 This
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slots is used for display card
recently introduced.
PCI x-16ver2.0 has faster bandwidth
then the pervious version.
Advantage : faster and more reliable.
5 .DRIVE CONNECTOR
DATA CABLES:
Data cables are used to transfer data between two
different devices.
A. IDE Cable.
B. FDD Cable.
C. SCSI Cable.
D. SATA Cable.
A. IDE CONNECTOR
IDE–Integrated Drive Electronics.
 40 pins connector (ATA)
 Two connector in MBD four device can be connect
with help of IDE cable
 IDE- I (Primary) Connector.
IDE-II (Secondary) Connector.
 HDD, CD ROM, CD R/W, DVD can be connected.
B.FDD CONNECTOR
FDD : Floppy Disk Drive
 34 pin connector (17+17=34pins).
 Only floppy can be connected.
 One connector in MBD two device can be
connect with help of FDC cable.
C .SCSI CONNECTOR
SCSI CABLE : Small Component Standard
Interface :
 50 pin connector (25+25=50 pins).
 It is used in server only.
 Capacity :160- 256 GB.
 Data transfer rate 80 MBPS
 SCS 1 – 1
: 1 to 7 Devices.
 SCS 1 – 2
: 1 – 15 Devices.
 SCS 1 – 3
: 1 – 31 Devices.
D .SATA CONNECTOR
SATA: Serial Advance Technology Attachment
 7 pin connector
 It is used to connect only one device.
 High capacity of Hard Disk can be connected.
 Maximum no.of devices - 4 devices.
 Capacity : 80 GB- 1500 GB.
 Clamp side to be connect in motherboard and other side
to be in HDD.
6 .BIOS CHIP [ROM]
BIOS : BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM
Small software program codes are burnt into the
Basic Input Output System. They are…
1. First boot device.
2. Floppy Drive Checking.
3. Virus warning.
4. RTC - Real Time and Clock
5. Processor Speed and Temperature.
BIOS CHIP [ROM]
 BIOS
MANUFACTURERS :
AMI, AWARD, ALI ETC.,
 To go to BIOS set up, Press-DEL key or Press
F2.
 Types of BIOS Chip :
1. OTP : PROM [One Time Programmer].
2. FLASH: EPROM,EEPROM ,FLASH
MEMORY. [Re programmer]
BIOS CHIP [ROM]
 PROM
: Programmable Read only memory
(once reprogrammed)
 EPROM :Electrically programmable Read
Only memory. Reprogrammed by using UV
rays.
 EEPROM : Electrically Erasable
Programmable. Read Only Memory.Re
programmable with software utility (DDO
software).
 FLASH MEMORY: Now the Mother Board
are made with Flash Memory. Hence we can
upgrade the software easily.
7. CMOS BATTERY [RAM]
CMOS :[Complimentary Metal Oxide Semi
Conductor]
 CMOS battery used for stand by the BIOS
information maintain real time clock and password.
 The Technical No. Of CMOS Battery is CR-2032.
 It work as 3.3 volt DC.
CMOS LIFE :
Monitor display the message as ‘‘CMOS check some
error ’’.
CMOS BATTERY
8.FRONT PANEL CONNECTOR
The front panel connectors are :
1. Power Led (Green/Blue)
2. HDD – Led (Red)
3. Speaker – For beep sound
4. Restore switch (for restarting)
5. Power switch (On-Off switch).
9.PORT CONNECTOR
A. SERIAL PORT
B. PARALLEL PORT
C. DIMM PORT [PS/2]
D. VGA PORT
E. ETHERNET PORT [RJ 45]
F. MODEM PORT [RJ 11]
G. USB PORT
A.SERIAL PORT [RS232]
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D Type 9 pins (male) port .
Technical name : RS232
Data transfer rate : 100 kbps.
Unidirectional communication.
It is used for connecting dial up modem &
old type mouse.
SERIAL PORT
B. PARALLEL PORT
D
Type 25 pins Female Port
 Data transfer rate : 100 kbps.
 Bi-directional communication.
 It is used for connecting Printer & Scanner.
 PRINTER CABLE – Centronics Cable
Printer 36 pins
PC 25 pins
PARALLEL PORT
C. DIMM PORT[PS/2]
6
Pins DIMM (Female) Port connector.
 Technical name : PS/2
 There is two of this port :
 MOUSE: Green – 6 pins Dimm Connector
 KEYBOARD :Violet – 6 Pins Dimm connector
DIMM PORT[PS/2]
D. VGA PORT
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15 pins 3 rows D type Female Port connector.
This port is actually called D-sub (Dsubminiature) port and is mainly used by CRT and
TFT.
Monitors for receiving pure and loss less digital
signals for display.
That’s the reason for it to be called Digital video
Interface.
VGA PORT
E. ETHERNET PORT [RJ45]
8
Pins Port connector.
 Technical name : RJ45
 Data transfer rate : 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps
 This port is used for connecting the computer
either to the Internet or to a private network such
as LAN.
F. MODEM PORT [RJ11]
4
Pins Port connector.
 Technical name : RJ11
 Data transfer rate : 33.6 Mbps to 56 Mbps
 This port is used for connecting the computer to
the Internet.
G.USB PORT
4
Pin multi device connector .
 It support up to 127 devices.
 Data transfer rate : 12 mbps - 60 mbps
 Hot plug and play device (when PC is in ON).
 USB controller detect the presents and absence
of the devices.
USB PORT
10 .POWER CONNECTOR
 It
get power supply from SMPS to Mother
Board.
 SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply)
 It converts voltage from AC to DC.
 SMPS contains
 Power connector - 12 volt DC.
 Molex - 5volt DC.
 Mini Molex - 3volt DC
SMPS TYPES
TYPES FO SMPS.
1. XT - Extended technology.
2. AT- Advance Technology.
3. ATX - Advance Technology Extended.
4. MATX - Micro Advance Technology.
 XT : (5+6) = 11 pins [ON/OFF wall socket].
 AT : (6+6) = 12 pins [shut down].
 ATX : (10+10) = 20 pins [on/off system box].
 MATX : ( 20+4)= 24 pins [4 pin for hyper net].
POWER CONNECTOR
ADD ON CARDS
TYPES OF ADD ON CARDS
i. Sound Card - Audio.
ii. AGP Card - Monitor Display.
iii. Network Card - Group of systems.
iv. Modem Card - Internet connection.
v. T.V.Tuner Card - For T.V. Channel.
I.SOUND
CARD
SOUND CARD [ AUDIO CARD]
 Pins : 2 Pin Jack (female connector).
 It has 3 port Connectors.
1. Line in - Pink colour
2. MIC - Blue colour
3. Speaker - Green colour
 Slot : It is fixed in PCI slot.
 Use : We use sound Card for Audio.
SOUND CARD
II.
AGP CARD
AGP CARD [Accelerated Graphic Port]
 AGP - Monitor Display
 Pins - 15 pins and 3 rows (female connector).
 Slot - It is fixed in AGP slot only.
 Use - We use AGP Card for Graphics .
AGP CARD
III.NETWORK
CARD[RJ 45]
NETWORK CARD : Now we are using RJ 45
 RJ 45 - for networking.
 Pins - 8 pins.
 Slot - PCI.
 Speed - 10 MBPS to 100 MBPS.
 Use - Interconnect the systems.
NETWORK CARD
IV.MODEM
CARD [ RJ11]
MODEM CARD : Now we are using RJ 11
 RJ 11 - For Internet.
 Pins - 4 pins.
 Slot - PCI Slot.
 Speed - 33.6 to 56 MBPS.
 Use - For Internet connection.
MODEM CARD [ RJ11]
V.TV
TUNER CARD
TV TUNER CARD : For TV channels.
 Pins : 2 pins coaxial connector.
 Slot : PCI Slot
 Use : For view the TV channels.
TYPES
 1. Internal -system box needed ;save the programs.
 2. External - no need for system box.
TV TUNER CARD
DATA CABLE
DATA CABLES:
Data cables are used to transfer data between two
different devices.
A. IDE Cable.
B. FDD Cable.
C. SCSI Cable.
D. SATA Cable.
A.IDE CABLE
IDE CABLE – Integrated Drive Electronics.
 40 pins connector (ATA)
 Each cable has two connectors.
i. IDE- I (Primary) Connector.
ii. IDE-II (Secondary) Connector.
 Maximum no.of devices 4 devices.
 HDD, CD ROM, CD R/W, DVD can be connected.
IDE CABLE
B.FDD CABLE
FDD CABLE : Floppy Disk Drive
 34 pin connector (17+17=34pins).
 Only floppy can be connected.
 Twisted side can be connected in floppy and the
other side connected in mother board.
FDD CABLE
C.SCSI CABLES :
SCSI CABLE : Small component standard
Interface
50 pin connector (25+25=50 pins).
 It is used in server only.
 Capacity :160- 256 GB
 Data transfer rate 80 MBPS
 SCS 1 – 1
: 1 to 7 Devices.
 SCS 1 – 2
: 1 – 15 Devices.
 SCS 1 – 3
: 1 – 31 Devices.
SCSI CABLE:
D.SATA CABLE.
SATA: Serial Advance Technology Attachment
 7 pin connector.
 It is used to connect only one device.
 High capacity of Hard Disk can be connected.
 Maximum no. of devices - 4 devices.
 Capacity : 80 GB- 1500 GB.
 Clamp side to be connect in motherboard and other
side to be in HDD.
SATA CABLE
BIOS
By Tracen vail
Assignment 2 PC Networking
What is it
One of the most common uses of flash memory is for the basic input
output system of your computer know as the BIOS on virtually every
computer available the bios makes sure all the other chips hard drives
ports and CPU function together.
BIOS
HOW IT WORKS
Bios or Basic Input/Output System is the software code that
first runs when the pc is starting up. It contains all the
information necessary to initialize nearly all the hardware
components of the pc. Normally, when you switch on the PC,
the BIOS performs a Power on Self Test, or POST as it is
called. This is a series of diagnostic tests on the RAM and
other Hardware. It also initializes all the hardware devices
such as the hard disk, memory, video and other hardware,
identifies and reserves memory addresses for all the IRQs
and ports available on the motherboard, and calls a small
operating system program known as the boot loader. The
boot loader, using the BIOS information amongst other
things, starts calling the programs that will load the OS. And
finally, the OS uses the bios information to take control over
the hard ware devices
BIOS FUN FACTS
•Most modern BIOS have the ability to schedule
an auto start.
•For Lenovo PCs, you get to the BIOS by pressing
F1 when the computer starts.
•Each computer company has it on why of
getting to get to the bios
HOW TO WORK A BIOS
To access an option in the
BIOS use the cursor keys to
highlight your choice, as
shown in Screenshot A the
enter key will either invoke a
submenu or open a selection
window to alter the value
associated you'll have to use
the plus +or minus - keys
HOW TO WORK A BIOS




Opening sub-menus: Many option
values may be altered with the
plus + and minus - keys, while
others require navigating inside
selection menus or pick lists,
In the "Main" or "Standard CMOS
Setup" menus, you can set the date
and time, and also define the
attributes of your hard drive
In the "BIOS Features Setup"
menu, you'll work with general
settings of all kinds.
The "Integrated peropherals menu
is where you can manage
interfaces and auxiliary system
functions.
ENDING A BIOS SESSION
To end a BIOS program you strike the
F10 key or select the main menu entry
that reads "Save & Exit Setup. Sometimes
this involves first selecting an Exit option,
then choosing the Exit & Save Changes
subentry You will then be presented with
a choice between Y and N where the Y key
saves your changes, and the N key
discards them. Select one or the other and
you'll exit the BIOS Setup program.
IDENTIFY




YOUR BIOS
During boot, enter the BIOS setup by
pressing F2.
Check the Main menu.
The 4 digit number after the 86A or 86I is
the current BIOS version
Press Escape to exit BIOS Setup.
MANUFACTURERS
American Megatrends (AMI)
 Award Software International Inc.
 Microid Reseach Inc. (MR.BIOS)
 Phoenix Technologies Ltd.
 Motherboard Manufacturers BIOS Upgrade
Websites

INSTALLING YOUR
NEW OPERATING SYSTEM
INSTALLING YOUR NEW OPERATING SYSTEM
o Determine your installation order.
If you are installing a Linux distribution that you want
to run alongside Windows, you need to install
Windows first and then Linux.
This is because Windows has a very strict boot
loader that needs to be in place before Linux is
installed, otherwise Windows won’t load.


Boot from your installation disc. Insert the
installation disc into your optical; drive, and
reboot your computer. Normally a computer boots
from the hard drive first, so you will need to
adjust some settings in your BIOS in order to
boot from the disc drive.
You can enter the BIOS by hitting the designated
Setup key during the boot process. The key will
be displayed on the same screen as your
manufacturer’s logo.
Common Setup keys include F2, F10, F12, and
Del/Delete.
 Once you are in the Setup menu, navigate to
the Boot section. Set your DVD/CD drive as
the first boot device. If you are installing from
a USB drive, make sure that the drive is
inserted and then select it as the first boot
device.
 Once you’ve selected the correct drive, save your
changes and exit Setup. Your computer will
reboot.



Try your Linux distribution before
installing. Most Linux distributions come with a
copy that can be loaded directly from the
installation disc.
This will allow you to “test drive” your new
operating system before you commit to the
installation process. Once you are ready to install,
click the Installation program on the desktop

This is only possible with Linux distributions.
Windows does not allow you to test out the
operating system before you install.

Wait for the Setup program to load. No
matter which operating system you choose, the
setup program will need to copy some files to
your computer before it can continue. This can
take several minutes, depending on the speed of
your computer’s hardware.

You will most likely need to choose some basic
options, such as language and keyboard
layout.



Enter your product key. If you are installing
Windows 8, you will need to enter your product
key before you can begin installation.
Older Windows versions will ask for the product
key after installation is complete.
Linux users will not need a product key, unless
it is a purchased version such as Red Hat.



Choose your installation type. Windows will
give you the option of Upgrading or performing a
Custom installation.
Even if you are upgrading an older version of
Windows, it is highly recommended that you
choose Custom and start from scratch.
This will minimize problems that may arise later
from combining old settings and new ones.



Format your partitions. If you are installing
Windows, you will need to choose which hard drive
partition you want to install it on.
Deleting partitions will wipe the data on the
partition and return the space to the Unallocated
section. Select the unallocated space and create a
new partition.
If you are installing Linux, the partition needs to
be formatted in the Ext4 format.

Create your Windows login. Once your
Windows installation is complete, you will need
to create a username. You can also choose to
create a password, though this is not necessary.
After creating your login info, you will be asked
for your product key.
 In Windows 8, you will be asked to customize
the colors first. After that, you can choose to
either log in with a Microsoft account, or use a
more traditional Windows username.
INSTALL YOUR DRIVERS AND PROGRAMS



Install your drivers and programs. Once
installation is complete, you will be taken to your
new desktop.
From here, you can begin installing your
programs and making sure that your drivers are
installed an up to date.
Make sure to install an antivirus program if you
are going to be connecting to the internet.
ASSEMBLING YOUR OWN
COMPUTER SYSTEM

7.1
Assembling the Hardware

7.2
Installing the Operating System

7.3
Compatibility Issues in Hardware
7.1 ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Choose the right combination of hardware

e.g. Home use and web surfing
LAN card or modem is needed
 no need to install sophisticated hardware


Cost considerations
never go for CPU with the highest speed
 choose a hard disk with appropriate capacity
 consider reputation and warranty

7.1 ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Precautions in computer assembling
Discharge oneself before handling hardware
 Hold the main board and expansion cards by edges
 Return the main board and peripherals to
anti-static bags
 Disconnect the power before working on the system

ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Procedure 1: Installing the Power Supply
Fix the power supply
Open the
computer case
Set the voltage supply at
200 - 230 V
ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Procedure 2: Configuring the Main Board jumper



CPU System Bus Frequency
CPU Clock Ratio
CPU Core Voltage
Setting up jumpers
ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Procedure 3: Inserting CPU into the main board
The socket, heat sink and fan support base are
mounted onto the main board
 Heat sink and fan: prevent overheating

ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Procedure 3: Inserting CPU into the main board
ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Procedure 4: Inserting the RAM
Check the position of RAM module
Insert the module vertically into
the DIMM slot and push it in
ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Procedure 5: Mounting the main board into the
computer case
ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Procedure 6: Main board signal connections
Completed
connectors
Connecting pins on the
main board
Case signal connectors
ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Procedure 7: Connecting the Power Supply to the
Main Board
Power supply connectors
ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Procedure 8: Installing the expansion cards
Install the video adapter first
 AGP card goes into the AGP slot

Secure the card to the
case with a screw
Position the expansion
card horizontally over
the slot
Install other cards
ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Procedure 8: Installing IDE devices
IDE drives: hard disk, CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs
 Set the jumpers on the drives before mounting
 Two IDE channels on the main board
 Each channel can attach to two devices

Jumpers on IDE device
ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Procedure 8: Installing IDE devices
1. Mounting the device into
the device bay with screw
2. Align the red strip
on the ribbon cable
ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Procedure 8: Installing IDE devices
3. Insert the connector into
the IDE port
4. Insert the power
supply connector
ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Procedure 8: Installing IDE devices
Master device: alone device on IDE cable
 Slave device: second device on the same cable
 Ultra ATA 66/100 IDE cable

black: for Master drive
 grey: for Slave drive
 blue: for connecting to IDE port onboard

ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Procedure 8: Installing IDE devices

Installing CD-ROM drive
Install the drive into an available bay
 Insert the power cord into the drive
 Connect the drive to the main board via the ribbon wire
 Connect the sound cable from the drive to the main board
connector

ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Procedure 8: Installing IDE devices

Installing CD-ROM drive
Connect the sound cable to
CD-ROM drive
Connect the sound cable to
main board
ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Procedure 9: System check
Connect the power cable
 Switch on the computer
 Check the message on screen
 Set up BIOS and install OS if the system works fine

ASSEMBLING THE HARDWARE

Fine tuning the computer installation
 The drives are connected to the power supply
properly.
 A fan is attached to the CPU with the power plug
connected to the main board.
 Ribbon cables of floppy disk and IDE drives are
attached correctly.
 All connections are tight.
 CPU core voltage is set correctly.
 Cards are inserted fully in slots.
 No wires protrude into any fans.
INSTALLING THE OPERATING SYSTEM

Clean install
All the content of the hard drive are erased and
everything is installed from scratch
 Format the hard drive and install the OS
 Back up the data before clean installing an existing PC


Upgrade
A new OS is installed directly over the previous
version
 Old files are left which affect the system

INSTALLING THE OPERATING SYSTEM

Materials needed
Hardware documentation
 Driver disks of hardware
 User’s menu of new OS


Start-up procedures for installing an OS

Start from floppy disk


e.g. Windows 98
Start from CD-ROM

e.g. Windows XP
INSTALLING THE OPERATING SYSTEM

Start from floppy disk (Windows 98)







Prepare a boot disk
Check the boot-up sequence
Ensure the partition of the hard disk where OS is
installed is active
Insert the boot disk into the floppy disk
Turn on the power supply
Insert the Windows 98 CD-ROM into the drive and
type “D:\setup.exe”
Follow the on-screen prompts
INSTALLING THE OPERATING SYSTEM

Start from CD-ROM (Windows XP)






Check the BIOS boot sequence
Insert Windows XP CD-ROM into the drive
Boot the system
Start installation process
Remove the Windows XP CD-ROM
Reboot the computer
INSTALLING THE OPERATING SYSTEM

Installing applications
Yes
Restart
Run
install file
Enter
Serial #
Yes
Yes
Have serial
number?
Start
No
Find
Serial #
Have
disk
space?
No
Free up
space
Yes
Fill out
form
Run
No
Restart
needed?
Register
Now?
No
Submit
form
Finish
installation
COMPATIBILITY ISSUES IN HARDWARE
Compatibility problem among main board, video
adapter and expansion cards
 Solutions

Place each expansion card in different slots
 Take turns at replacing every expansion card in a certain
order
 Use step-by-step approach to analyze the installation of
device driver.
