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Accidents in home and environment Accidents in home and environment Accidents in home and environment Cold Heat Electricity Accidents in home and environment Heat injury 1 Heat exhaustion 2 Heat stroke 3 Burns a burn is an injury to a person, caused by exposure to heated substances, flame or radiant heat Accidents in home and environment Heat injury Classification of burns 1 flame burns 2 wet burns - scalds 3 chemical burns 4 radiologic injury 5 electrocution 6 nuclear radiation Accidents in home and environment Flame burns or dry burns Degrees • 1st degree – superficial, involving skin only, leaving no scar or contracture on healing • 2nd degree – soft parts underlying skin are destroyed. If only skin is destroyed, it leads to white shiny scar without noticeable contracture. Extensive burns lead to contractures and disfigurement • 3rd degree – frequently actual charring. Extensive 3rd degree burns always fatal Accidents in home and environment Flame burns or dry burns Degrees • epidermal burns • epidermo-dermal burns • deep burns Accidents in home and environment Flame burns or dry burns Prognosis depends upon Surface area of burns – because of • pain and shock • fluid loss • superinfection Accidents in home and environment Flame burns or dry burns Calculating surface area Rule of 9 Accidents in home and environment Flame burns or dry burns Accidents in home and environment Flame burns or dry burns Accidents in home and environment Deep burns Accidents in home and environment Deep burns Accidents in home and environment Dry burns Accidents in home and environment Dry burns Accidents in home and environment House fire burns Accidents in home and environment Heat splits Accidents in home and environment Smoke in trachea Accidents in home and environment Post-mortem burns Accidents in home and environment Investigations in deaths from big fires 1 Thorough investigation to detect presence of unsuspected victims 2 full information of circumstances of death to be available to forensic pathologist before pm examination 3 when human remains are present or suspected, forensic pathologist must proceed to the scene 4 5 6 adequate photographing and sketching THOROUGH, EXTENSIVE, COMPLETE and UNHURRIED pm examination high index of suspicion and unlimited curiosity Accidents in home and environment Scalds Accidents in home and environment Scalds Accidents in home and environment Scalds Accidents in home and environment Electricity 1 Domestic – 110-240 v 2 Industrial – 440-22000 v 3 Lightning – 106-1012 v Accidents in home and environment Electricity Variables in electric shock Variables in the current Direction Resistance Frequency ––current depends upon Voltage – of low voltage or domestic current alternating amperage 50 cps or ac Hertz high voltage or industrial current direct contact 60 cps dc orhigh Hz voltage or lightning extremely area involved Accidents in home and environment Electricity Variables in electric shock Variables in the contact Resistance of area in contact – wet or dry Duration of current flow Pathway of current in the body Extent of area involved Accidents in home and environment Accidents in home and environment High voltage burns Accidents in home and environment High voltage burns Accidents in home and environment High voltage burns Accidents in home and environment Automobile burns Accidents in home and environment Automobile burns Accidents in home and environment Low voltage burns High voltage burns Accidents in home and environment Accidents in home and environment High voltage burns Accidents in home and environment Lightning Accidents in home and environment Lightning Accidents in home and environment Hazards in the bath room