Transcript Lecture 01

Digital Logic &
Design
Instructor:
Aneel Ahmed
Lecture #1
Text Books



Digital Logic and Computer Design – M.
Morris Mano
Lecture Slides.
Every thing discussed in class is part of the
course material.
Lecture 01 - 02






Analog values & Digital Values.
Analog & Digital Signals.
Representing continuous signals in the form of
discrete values.
Representing Digital Values.
Merits of a Digital System.
Number Systems.
Analog and Digital
Both data and the signals that represent them can be either
analog or digital in form.
Analog and Digital Data
 Data can be analog or digital.
 The term Analog data refers to information that is
continuous.
 Digital data refers to information that has discrete states.
 For example, an analog clock that has hour, minute, and
second hands gives information in a continuous form; the
movements of the hands are continuous.
 On the other hand, a digital clock that reports the hours and
the minutes will change suddenly from 8:05 to 8:06.

Analog and Digital Data



Analog data, such as the sounds made by a
human voice, take on continuous values.
When someone speaks, an analog wave is
created in the air.
This can be captured by a microphone and
converted to an analog signal or sampled and
converted to a digital signal.
Analog and Digital Data


Digital data take on discrete values. For
example, data are stored in computer memory in
the form of 0s and 1s.
They can be converted to a digital signal or
modulated into an analog signal for transmission
across a medium.
Analog and Digital Signals





Like the data they represent, signals can be either
analog or digital.
An analog signal has infinitely many levels of
intensity over a period of time.
As the wave moves from value A to value B, it
passes through and includes an infinite number of
values along its path.
A digital signal, on the other hand, can have only a
limited number of defined values.
Although each value can be any number, it is often
as simple as 1 and O.
Analog and Digital Signals





The simplest way to show signals is by plotting them
on a pair of perpendicular axes.
The vertical axis represents the value or strength of
a signal.
The horizontal axis represents time.
The Figure illustrates an analog signal and a digital
signal. The curve representing the analog signal
passes through an infinite number of points.
The vertical lines of the digital signal, however,
demonstrate the sudden jump that the signal makes
from value to value.
Analog and Digital Signals
Representing continuous signal in the
form of discrete values

This is a continuous signal.
Representing continuous signal in the
form of discrete values

A continuous signal can be represented digitally by taking samples
at regular and fixed intervals.
Representing continuous signal in the
form of discrete values

Digital Representation.
Representing continuous signal in the
form of discrete values




In the diagram we took 10 samples at time intervals.
The digital representation of the continuous signal only
approximates the original signal. and cannot truly
represent the original signal as can be seen by plotting
the values.
The reconstructed continuous signal does not give the
exact replica of the original signal.
The reconstructed signal has sharp edges and corners in
contrast to the original signal which has smooth curves.
Representing continuous signal in the
form of discrete values

If the number of samples collected are reduced by half, the resulting
reconstructed signal is very different from reconstructed signal.
Representing continuous signal in the
form of discrete values





If the number of samples collected are reduced by half,
the resulting reconstructed signal is very different from
reconstructed signal.
The peak in the continuous signal at 38 and the depth at
-22 are all together missing from the reconstructed
signal.
This is due to the small number of samples taken.
A better approximation of the original signals can be
obtained by increasing the number of samples.
An infinite number of samples very accurately represents
the original continuous signal.
Representing digital values




We saw a continuous signal and its digital representation.
These digital values have to be processed electronically by a
digital system.
Generally there are two type of electronic systems : analog
systems and digital systems.
Analog systems : process continuous signals. So a
continuous quantity has to be converted into electrical voltage
terms. For example, a continuous signal of 42 deg C would be
represented by perhaps 42 mV, a continuous temperature
signal of 35.73 deg C will be represented by 35.73 mV.
Digital systems: as mentioned before, use digital or discrete
values. So are we going to be representing these discrete
values in terms of voltages? Let us see.
Representing digital values

Consider a calculator which is an example of digital system. Let
us assume that the calculator has been internally calibrated to
represent the number 1 by 1 mV.

6.25 x 10 ^15 volts which is a very large voltage value and cannot
be practically represented by any circuit.
Representing digital values





We saw that it is not practical to represent discrete digital
values in terms of voltages in the digital system.
Basically digital systems are based in two voltage values,
they work with two voltage values.
+5 volts which represents the logic high state or logic 1
state.
0 volts which represent the logic low state or logic 0 state.
Using these two voltage values or these two states, we can
represent any quantity or value which has two states. For
example numbers 0 and 1, the color black and white, the
temperature hot and cold, an object might be moving or
stationary, so just two values.
Representing digital values




Now how can we represent multiple values or more than 2
values in a digital system?
Digital systems are based on binary number systems. A
single digit or a bit of binary number system can represent
only 2 values, a zero and a one.
To represent large values, we combine these bits. So a
combination of 2 bits would allow us to use four different
values or four quantities.
Normally we have been doing this in decimal number system.
A single digit in decimal number system can represent up to
10 values, from 0 to 9. Now how do u represent more than 10
values. Well u use a combination of 2 decimal digits.so 2
digits would allow u to use 100 values, from 0 to 99.
Representing digital values




Similarly in a binary number system, we combine a
number of binary bits to represent multiple values.
The number 39 can be represented by a combination of
six bits. So in terms of binary, 39 is equal to 100111.
As mentioned before, in a digital system, the binary
numbers are represented in terms of voltages.
So the number 39 will be represented in terms of
voltages as 5V 0V 0V 5V 5V 5V.
Merits of a digital system




Digital systems are extensively being used. They offer a number of
advantages compared to the analog system.
Efficient Processing & Data Storage. ( Computers for example are
very efficient at processing information that is in digital binary form,
infact computers work with digital information. Another example a
CD can store a large number of digitized audio and video clips
storing the same number of audio and video clips in an analog form
would require a large number of audio or video cassettes.)
Efficient & Reliable Transmission.
Detection and Correction of Errors. (and less prone to errors. Even if
error occurs detection and correction of errors in digital data is
easier. We will be looking at the simple example of detecting error
using the parity bit method).
Merits of a digital system



Precise & Accurate Reproduction.( For example, the picture quality
and sound quality of digitized video or audio stored on CDs can be
reproduced with a far superior quality as compared to the analog
audio and video)
Easy Design and Implementation.
Occupy minimum space. ( Digital circuits in the form of IC occupy a
very small space. For Example, the PC has a motherboard which
has an area less than one square foot. This mother board has all the
important circuitry of the computer. Digital memory on the hand is
implemented as an integrated circuit. It is small enough to fit in the
palm of your hand but it can store an entire collection of books. )
Number Systems





Number Systems
Decimal Number System
Binary Number System
Octal Number System
Hexadecimal Number System
Number Systems
Decimal Number System
Decimal Number System

Example
Binary Number System
Binary Number System

Example
Representing Numbers in Different
Number Systems
BIT
Octal Number System
Octal Number System
Hexadecimal Number System
Hexadecimal Number System
Converting a Number of another Base
to Decimal Number
Converting a Number of another Base
to Decimal Number
Converting a Decimal Number to a
Number of Another Base
Converting a Decimal Number to a
Number of Another Base
Converting a Decimal Number to a
Number of Another Base
Converting a Number of some Base to
a Number of Another Base
Converting a Number of some Base to
a Number of Another Base
Converting a Number of some Base to
a Number of Another Base