Transcript Work Out - Industrial ISD

Introduction to Process
Technology
Unit 4
Basic Physics
Today’s Agenda
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What is Physics?
Why is Physics Important to Proc Oper?
Properties and Structure of Matter
Types of Energy
Temperature & Thermal Heat Transfer
Physics Laws
Flow Rates
Force and Pressure
Work and Mechanical Efficiencies
Electricity
What is Physics?
• Physics is the study of matter and energy
• Matter
• Energy
Why Physics is Important to Proc Techs
& Engineers & Other Technicians
• Explains the basic principles of the
equipment they use on a day-to-day
basis. Examples –
• Allows them to understand the
processes used to convert raw products
to end products
• Maintaining safe operations
Why Physics is Important to Proc Techs
• Allows them to understand how to
troubleshoot the process or to identify a
problem and then solve the problem
• Allows them to understand how the
process affects other processes
downstream
Matter and its States
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Solids
Liquids
Gases
Plasma
Conservation of Matter
• Matter cannot be created or destroyed;
only changed
• Matter is considered to be indestructible
Specific Properties of Matter
• Mass
• Weight
• Volume
Specific Properties of Matter
(Continued)
• Density
• Specific Gravity
Specific Properties of Matter
(Continued)
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Inertia
Force
Pressure
Buoyancy
Velocity
Specific Properties of Matter
(Continued)
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Porosity
Elasticity
Friction
Viscosity
Hardness
Tenacity (tensile strength)
Specific Properties of Matter
(Continued)
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Ductility
Malleability
Conductivity
Adhesion
Surface Tension
Capillary Action
Temperature
Cohesive Force
Structure of Matter
• Atoms
– Protons
– Neutrons
– Electrons
• Molecule
Structure of Matter (Continued)
• Atomic Number
• Atomic Weight
States of Energy
• Potential
• Kinetic
Temperature and State Changes
• Temperature
• State Changes
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Evaporation
Boiling
Melting
Freezing
Condensing
Sublimation
Deposition
Temperature Scales
• Fahrenheit
• Celsius
• Absolute Zero
– Kelvin = oC + 273
– Rankine = oF + 460
Temperature (BTU) Transfer
• British Thermal Unit (BTU)
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
Boiling Point
• The temperature of a liquid when its vapor pressure =
the surrounding pressure
• Increasing the pressure of a system increases boiling
point and vice versa… that is why water boils at a lower
temperature up in the mountains compared to the
coast
Vapor Pressure
• Vapor pressure
– A measure of a liquid’s volatility and tendency to
form a vapor
– A function of the physical and chemical properties
of the liquid
– At a given temperature, a substance with higher
vapor pressure vaporizes more readily than a
substance with a lower vapor pressure
Relationship of Boiling Point/vapor
pressure/ surrounding pressure
• Liquids w/ High VP – Low BP
• Liquids w/ Low VP – High BP
• As surrounding Pressure increases, then
boiling point of liquid increases
Heat Rate Equation
• Important for steam production,
use
• Heat Rate = steam flow x specific
heat capacity of steam x change
in temperature
Thermal Efficiency
• Applied to heat exchanger optimization
• Efficiency =
(temperature in – temperature out)
temperature in
Physics Laws
• Governing Gases –
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Boyle’s Law
Charles’ Law
Gay-Lussac’s Law
Avogadro’s Law
Combined Gas Law
Ideal Gas Law
Dalton’s Law
• Governing Gases & Liquids - Bernoulli’s Law
NASA Video
NASA Video
General Gas Law
• P1V1 = P2V2
n1 T1
n2 T2
Tanker Implodes
http://www.break.com/index/tanker
-implodes.html
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Principles of Liquid Pressure
• Liquid pressure is directly proportional
to density of liquid
• Liquid pressure is proportional to height
(amount) of liquid
• Liquid pressure is exerted in a
perpendicular direction on the walls of
vessel
Principles of Liquid Pressure
• Liquid pressure is exerted equality in all
directions
• Liquid pressure at the base of a tank in
not affected by the size or shape of tank’
• Liquid pressure transmits applied force
equally, without loss, inside an enclosed
container
Flow Rate
• Flowrate = Volume
Time
Bernouli’s Principle
• States that in a closed process with a
constant flow rate:
– Changes in fluid velocity (kinetic energy) decrease
or increase pressure
– Kinetic-energy and pressure-energy changes
correspond to pipe-size changes
– Pipe-diameter changes cause velocity changes
– Pressure-energy, kinetic-energy (or fluid velocity),
and pipe-diameter changes are related
Bernoulli Principle
Bernoulli’s Principle
Fluid Flow
• Laminar Flow
• Turbulent Flow
Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow
Turbulent flow
Reynolds Number (R)
• Used to size pipe to ensure proper flow
(either laminar or turbulent)
R = (Fluid Velocity)(Inside Diameter of Pipe)(Fluid Density)
Absolute Fluid Viscosity
Flow of Solids
• A variety of gases are used to transfer
solids
– Nitrogen (most common since inert), air,
chlorine, and hydrogen
– In proper combination, these allow solids to
respond like fluids
– Examples – plastics manufacture, catalytic
cracking units, vacuum systems
Measuring Heaviness
• Baume Gravity – standard used by
industrial manufacturers to measure
nonhydrocarbon heaviness
• API Gravity – measures heaviness of
hydrocarbons
Force and Pressure
• Pressure = Force
Area
Gauge Measurements
• Absolute Pressure = atmospheric + Gauge
• Gauge pressure = anything above
atmospheric
– Gauge P = Absolute P – Atmospheric P
• Vacuum = a pressure below atmospheric
• Where atmospheric pressure = 14.7 psi =
760 mm Hg = 29.92 in Hg = 1 torr
Work
• Work = Force x Distance
Mechanical Advantage
• Mechanical Advantage = Resistance
Effort
or
Work Out
Work In
MA > 1 is good… so the larger the MA the better
Mechanical Advantage Moments
• Inclined Plane and MA
Length of plane
Height of plane
Mechanical Advantage &
Efficiency
Efficiency = Actual MA
Ideal MA
Efficiency can never be > 1
Electricity
• Electric current –
• Electricity –
• Direct Current –
– Example – battery
• Alternating Current –
– Example – power generating station
Electricity
• Ohm’s Law – relationship between
current (A for amps), resistance (Ω for
ohms), and electrical potential (voltage –
v for volts)
• Voltage = Resistance x Current