Transcript Installing a Motherboard

Chapter 4
The Motherboard
You Will Learn…
• About the types of motherboards
• About components on the motherboard
• A basic procedure for building a computer
• How to install a motherboard
• How to troubleshoot a motherboard
Purpose of Motherboard
• Houses the CPU
• Allows all devices to communicate with the
CPU and with each other
Types of Motherboards
ATX and AT Motherboards
Main Components on a
Motherboard
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CPU and chip set
System clock
ROM BIOS
CMOS configuration
chip and its battery
RAM
RAM cache (optional)
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System bus with
expansion slots
Jumpers and DIP
switches
Ports that are directly on
the board
Power supply
connections
Field Replaceable Units (FRUs)
• CPU
• ROM BIOS chip
• CMOS battery
• RAM
• RAM cache
An AT Motherboard
An ATX Motherboard
Components Determined by
Motherboard Selection
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Types and speeds of CPU
Chip set on the board (already installed)
Memory cache and size
Types/number of expansion slots: ISA, PCI, AGP
Type of memory, including what kind and how much
SRAM and DRAM (SIMMs, DIMMs, or RIMMs)
Maximum amount of memory you can install;
incremental amounts by which you can upgrade
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Components Determined by
Motherboard Selection
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Type of case you can use
ROM BIOS (already installed)
Type of keyboard connector
Presence/absence of proprietary video and/or
proprietary local bus slots
Presence/absence of IDE adapters and SCSI controller
Presence/absence of COM ports, LPT ports, and
mouse port
Approaches to Selecting a
Motherboard
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Provides most room for expansion
Suits needs of current configuration
Meets present needs with moderate room for
expansion
When Selecting a Motherboard
• Designed so long expansion cards don’t get in
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the way of CPU or other devices?
Support CPU you plan to use?
What type of BIOS does it use?
What bus speeds and type memory does it
support; how much memory can it hold?
Does it use many embedded devices?
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When Selecting a Motherboard
• Does it fit the case?
• Does it support your legacy cards?
• What is the warranty?
• Extensive user-friendly documentation?
• How much support does manufacturer supply?
Motherboard Manufacturers
The System Clock
• Keeps beat for motherboard activities
• Frequency measured in megahertz (MHz)
• Wait state
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Occurs when CPU must wait for another
component
CPU and Chip Set
• IBM and IBM-compatible computers use a
microprocessor chip made by Intel or AMD,
and to a lesser degree by Cyrix
Attributes Used to Rate CPUs
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Speed (in gigahertz)
Efficiency of
programming code
Number of transistors
Number of registers
Word size
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Data path
Maximum number of
memory addresses
Amount of memory
included
Multiprocessing abilities
Special functionality
The Pentium and Its Competitors
• Pentium processor
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A true multiprocessor (has two ALUs)
 64-bit external path size and two 32-bit internal
paths (one for each ALU)
CPU Terminology
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Bus speed
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Frequency/speed at which data moves on a bus
Only the fastest bus connects directly to CPU
Processor speed
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Speed at which CPU operates internally
The multiplier
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System bus speed x multiplier = processor speed
Memory cache
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Small amount of RAM that is fast and does not need refreshing
Can hold data as long as power is available
Memory Cache on the CPU
• Internal cache, primary cache, or Level 1 cache
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Included on the CPU die
• External cache, secondary cache, or Level 2
cache
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Outside CPU microchip
Memory Cache on the CPU
The Pentium III
The Pentium 4
Advanced Pentium Competitors
The Cyrix III
The AMD Athlon
Intel Itanium:
The Next-Generation Processor
• Intel’s first 64-bit processor for
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microcomputers
Designed for high-end enterprise servers
Uses a new instruction set called the EPIC
(explicitly parallel instruction computing)
architecture
Intel Itanium Processors
CPU Heat Sinks & Cooling Fans
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Heat sinks
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Cooling fans
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Used by older CPUs to pull heat away from the CPU
Clip-on device that mounts on top of the CPU
Keep temperatures below the Intel maximum limit of
185 degrees F/85 degrees C
Exotic options: refrigeration, peltiers, water coolers
Heat Sinks and Cooling Fans
CPU Cooling Fan
CPU Package Types
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SECC (Single Edge Contact
Cartridge)
SECC2 (Single Edge Contact
Cartridge, version 2)
SEP (Single Edge Processor)
PPGA (Plastic Pin Grid
Array)
PGA (Pin Grid Array)
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OOI/OLGA (Organic Land
Grid Array)
FC-PGA (Flip Chip Pin Grid
Array)
FC-PGA2 (Flip Chip Pin
Grid Array 2)
PAC (Pin Array Cartridge)
Plastic Pin Grid Array
CPU Slots and Sockets
• Physical connections used to connect CPU to
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motherboard
Motherboard and processor must match
Slots 1 and 2 are proprietary Intel slots
Slot A and Socket A are proprietary AMD
connectors
Sockets and Slots Used by CPUs
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Sockets and Slots Used by CPUs
CPU Slots and Sockets
• Earlier CPU sockets
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Pin grid array (PGA) sockets
 Staggered pin grid array (SPGA)
 Low insertion force (LIF) sockets
• Current CPU sockets
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Zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets; small lever on
side of socket lifts CPU up and out of socket
CPU Slots and Sockets
CPU Voltage Regulator
• Controls the amount of voltage to the CPU
• Dual-voltage CPUs and single-voltage CPUs
The Chip Set
• Set of chips on system board that collectively
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controls memory cache, external buses, and
some peripherals
Intel dominates the market
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Most compatible with Pentium family of CPUs
 Investment in R&D has led to other developments
(eg, PCI bus, universal serial bus, AGP, and
Accelerated Hub Architecture)
Intel Chip Sets
• “E” chipset family
• Intel i800 Series
• Orion
• Natoma
• Triton III
• Triton II
• Triton I
Accelerated Hub Architecture
Chip Set Manufacturers
ROM BIOS
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One ROM chip on motherboard contains BIOS
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BIOS manages startup process (startup BIOS) and basic I/O
functions (system BIOS)
Most devices are not supported by system BIOS, but
by device drivers
Flash ROM (erasable programmable read-only
memory or EEPROM) allows ROM BIOS to be
upgraded without changing ROM chip
BIOS Manufacturers
Sample Web Site for Flash ROM
BIOS Upgrades
Buses and Expansion Slots
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PCs have four or five buses, each with different
speeds, access methods, and protocols
Buses evolved around data path and speed
So many buses because single speed is not practical
Buses carry electrical power, control signals, memory
addresses, and data
On-board ports (eg, keyboard port and mouse port)
Expansion slots can be located on motherboard;
sometimes stacked vertically on a second board
Buses Listed by Throughput
Relationship of CPU Speed
to Bus Speed
• Overall performance is better when multiplier
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is small
Change speed of a computer by:
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Changing speed of system bus, or
 Changing multiplier that determines speed of CPU
How CPU and Bus Speeds
Are Controlled
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Hardware Configuration
Tells CPU what hardware components are present and
how they can interface with the CPU
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How much memory is available
Which power management features are present
Whether disk drives, hard drives, modems, serial ports are
connected
Provided on motherboard in three ways
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DIP switches
Jumpers
CMOS
Setup Data Stored
by DIP Switches
Setup Data Stored by Jumpers
Setup Data Stored by Jumpers
Setup Data on a CMOS Chip
• Also called real-time clock/nonvolatile RAM
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(RTC/NVRAM) chip
Retains data even when computer is turned off
Requires very little electricity to hold data
Setup cannot be changed unintentionally, but
disk drive must be working before you can
change the setup
Changing CMOS Using Setup
Changing CMOS Using Setup
Changing CMOS Using Setup
Changing CMOS Using Setup
Changing CMOS Using Setup
Battery Power to CMOS Chip
Battery Power to CMOS Chip
• Types of CMOS batteries
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3.6V lithium battery with a four-pin connector;
connects with a Velcro strip
 4.5V alkaline battery with a four-pin connector;
connects with a Velcro strip
 3.6V barrel-style battery with a two-pin connector;
soldered on
 3V lithium coin-cell battery (most common)
Coin-Cell CMOS Battery
CMOS
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Setting startup passwords in CMOS
Categories of CMOS settings
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Standard CMOS setup
Advanced CMOS setup (aka BIOS Features setup)
Advanced Chip Set Setup
Power Menu (aka Power Management)
IDE HDD Auto-detect
Hardware Device Settings (on “jumperless” motherboards
only)
Protecting Documentation and
Configuration Settings
• Keep written record of CMOS settings, records
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of hardware and software installed, and
network settings
Keep well-labeled documentation in a safe
place
Saving and restoring CMOS settings using a
third-party utility software
Building a Computer
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Verify that you have all parts you plan to install
Prepare computer case
Install drives
Determine proper configuration settings for motherboard
Set jumpers or switches on motherboard
Install CPU and CPU cooler
Install RAM
Install motherboard and attach cabling
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Building a Computer
9. Install video card
10. Plug computer into power source; attach monitor and
keyboard
11. Boot system and enter CMOS setup
12. Make sure settings are set to the default
13. If booting from a floppy disk, insert a bootable setup disk
14. Observe POST
15. Prepare hard drive for the OS
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Building a Computer
16. Reboot the system and run ScanDisk on drive C
17. Connect mouse
18. Install the OS from CD or floppy
19. Change boot order in CMOS
20. Check for conflicts with system resources
21. Install any other expansion cards, and/or drives
22. Verify that all is operating properly; make final OS and/or
CMOS adjustments
Installing a Motherboard
• Prepare motherboard to go into the case
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Set jumpers
 Add CPU, fan, and heat sink
• Install motherboard in the case
Adding CPU, Fan, and Heat Sink
Adding CPU, Fan, and Heat Sink
Adding CPU, Fan, and Heat Sink
Adding CPU, Fan, and Heat Sink
Adding CPU, Fan, and Heat Sink
Installing the Motherboard
in the Case
1. Install faceplate
2. Install standoffs
3. Place motherboard inside case and use screws to
attach it to the case
4. Connect power cord from power supply to P1 power
connection on motherboard
5. Connect wire leads from front panel of case to
motherboard (reset switch, HDD LED, speaker,
power LED, remote switch)
Installing the Faceplate
Installing the Faceplate
Standoffs and Screwholes
Wire Connectors
Wire Connectors
Completing the Installation
• Install drives and other components
• Turn on system and make sure everything is
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connected properly
Set configuration data and create rescue desk
of settings
Troubleshooting the Motherboard
• Look for clues from POST
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Reports errors as beep codes
• Cautiously substitute good hardware
components for those you suspect are bad
Information about Beep Codes
Chapter Summary
• How the components of a computer work in
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harmony and with accuracy
The motherboard
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Central site of computer logic circuitry
 Location of most important microchip in the
computer, the CPU