Transcript AVOP-ELEKTRO-HOL-002

Learning program: Mechanic – electrician
Name of the program: Numerical systems
II. class
Numerical projection principe
Made by: Mgr. Holman Pavel
Projekt Anglicky v odborných předmětech, CZ.1.07/1.3.09/04.0002
je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a státním rozpočtem České republiky.
Numerical systems
Numerical signal is called a binary signal. For processing the signal in
the numerical device we use circuits, which have only two states.
These circuits do conduct the current in one state and don’t conduct in
the other. That enables to represent unit amount of information – one
bit – by each state of this circuit closer.
Numerical method is a part of the technical informatics.
Information means message, instruction, which consist of message
communication and its content, content not even of oral
communication, but also the content of the article, essay, book or
signal too (f.e. light signal, flag down).
We aim to achieve the most efficient communication possible. That’s
why people in 1950s come up with science field Informatics, science
about retrieving, processing, saving and making technical information
accessible.
Other developed science field was the information theory dealing not with
the information content, but examining for example information
measuring, the decreasing of information amount due to disturbing
elements, how we can minimize interference effects etc.
Currently, information is along with material, energetic and financial
resources one of the main factors determining success in all fields of
human activities. The smallest information unit is bit (BInary digiT ). Most
often it is a one symbol in binary code.
Technical informatics creates mathematic and logic models of problem
and solves technical realization of these models (hardware).
The term numerical is often mistaken with the term digital.
The word digitus comes from Latin and relates to the finger
counting.
Numerical figures serves for the description of analog quantities (f.e.
time).
Digital quantities can only amount to the definite amount of values from so
called alphabet. Alphabet means definitive quantity of reciprocally
distinguishable symbols. Digital quantities are discrete in time and in value.
Examples of alphabets:
Decimal numbers - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Traffic lights – red, orange, green
Morse alphabet – dot, comma, short space, long space
bit – 0, 1
Today’s digital circuits use the binary alphabet (0,1).
It is the smallest possible count, which can represent meaningful information.
The less symbols alphabet contains, the bigger differences can be between
them and the better we can distinguish between individual values.
Example of the numerical signal
Finally even digital circuits are made of analog components. But due
to the chosen information representation form they are resistant to
the interference and distortion, which are inevitable in the real world.
Interference tolerance is achieved by the properly chosen alphabet
encryption. For example it is possible to define that logic 0 is voltage
in the scale 0.0-0.4 V and logic 1 in the scale 1.8-5.0 V. The breadth
of the zone increases the interference and distortion tolerance while
the zone interval increases the distinctiveness of symbols.
Digital signal
realized by analog
circuits
One bit can distinguish one event defined by two states. For example,
it conducts current or it doesn’t conduct the current, it is raining or it
isn’t raining, the temperature is higher than 10°C and the thermostat
switches on or it isn’t and the thermostat switches off, light is on or
off. This simple logic is called two-state logic due to previously
mentioned two states. Despite its simplicity it represents the basis for
even so complicated device as computer is.
If we want to distinguish more states or effects, we need more bits.
For example if we want to distinguish colors red, blue and brown, we
need combination of two bits.
If it isn’t enough and there is need for the category amount increase,
we can add another bit. Using three bits provides eight possible
definitions.
The End
Question chart:
Numerical projection
Numerical projection
Numerical projection
for 100
for 300
for 500
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Prémie
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D
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Numerical projection for 100
Numerical signal is often called:
Numerical projection for 100
What is the name of the information amount
unit?
Numerical projection for 100
What does the term information mean?
Numerical projection for 300
What values can digital quantities acquire?
Numerical projection for 300
What can have impact on the signal interference and
distortion tolerance?
Numerical projection for 300
What improves zone interval?
Numerical projection for 500
What is the name of the science field, which creates mathematic
and logic models of problem and solves technical realization of
these models (hardware)?
Numerical projection for 500
What is the name of the science field dealing not with the
information content, but examines for example information
measuring, the decreasing of information amount due to
disturbing elements, how we can minimize interference effects?
Numerical projection for 500
How many bits do we need to distinguish eight various
states?
Bonus for 100
How many bits are in one
Byte?
Bonus for 300
What is the smallest possible number of symbols
for representation of the meaningful information?
Bonus for 500
Which alphabetical symbols are used in contemporary digital
circuits?
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Mužík, J. Management ve vzdělávání dospělých. Praha: EUROLEX BOHEMIA, 2000. ISBN
80-7361-269-7.
Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost, ESF 2007 – 2013.
Dostupné na: http://www.msmt.cz/eu/provadeci-dokument-k-op-vzdelavani-prokonkurenceschopnost
ANTOŠOVÁ,M., DAVÍDEK. V. Číslicová technika. České Budějovice: KOPP, 2004.
ISBN 80-7232-206-0.
JANSEN, H., ROTTER, A. A KOL. Informační a telekomunikační technika. Praha:
EUROPA- SOBOTÁLES cz.,2004. ISBN 80-86706-08-7.
Pecina, J. Ing. PaedDr. CSc.; Pecina, P. Mgr. PHd. Základy číslicové techniky. Brno: