Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - Energy Efficiency Guide for

Training Session on Energy
Equipment
Monitoring Equipment
Presentation to
Industry Energy Efficiency Guide for Asia
Chapter 15
1
© UNEP GERIAP
Training Agenda: Monitoring
Equipment
Electrical measuring instruments
Combustion analyzer
Manometers
Thermometers
Water flow meters
Speed measurement
Leak detectors
Lux meters
2
© UNEP 2005
Electrical Measuring Instruments
What Do They Do?
• Measures major electrical parameters
such as KVA, KW, PF, Hertz, KVAr,
Amps and Volts, sometimes also
harmonics
• Instant measurements can be taken
with hand-held meters, while more
advanced facilitates cumulative
readings with print outs at specified
intervals
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© UNEP 2005
Electrical Measuring Instruments
What Do They Do?
• The HIOKI 3286-20 clamp on power hitester
measures:
- Voltage
- Reactivity
- Current
- Phase angle
- Voltage/current
peak
- Frequency,
- Phase
detection(3phase)
- Effective / reactive
/ apparent power
(single-phase or 3- Voltage/current
phase)
harmonic levels
- Power factor
(up to 20th)
Figure: HIOKI 3286-20
clamp on power
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hitester
© UNEP 2005
Electrical Measuring Instruments
Where & How to Use?
•
These instruments are applied on-line to measure
various electrical parameters
•
Have three leads
connected to
crocodile clips at
the end
•
The three leads
are colored
yellow, black and
red
Figure: Power and power factor measurement
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on single phase three wire circuit
© UNEP 2005
Electrical Measuring Instruments
Precautions
• The clamp should never be attached to a
circuit that operates at more than maximum
rated voltage, or over bare conductors
• Clamp on probe should be connected to
the secondary side of a breaker
• Rubber hand gloves, boots, and safety
helmet should be used to avoid electrical
shocks
• The operation manual should be consulted
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before using the equipment
© UNEP 2005
Training Agenda: Monitoring
Equipment
Electrical measuring instruments
Combustion analyzer
Manometers
Thermometers
Water flow meters
Speed measurement
Leak detectors
Lux meters
7
© UNEP 2005
Combustion Analyzer
What Does It Do?
• Measures the composition of flue gases
after combustion
• Basically all combustion
analyzers measure the %
Oxygen or CO2 in the flue
gases
• The efficiency can be
calculated with an inbuilt
programme
Figure: A fyrite
combustion analyzer
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© UNEP 2005
Combustion Analyzer
Where & How It’s Used
•
Determines the composition of
flue gases in the duct, which
flushes out the combusted
gases to the chimney
•
The flue gases’ composition
values are based on volume
•
Usually measure the % CO2 or O2 and the
temperature of the flue gas
•
Mostly, the flue gases are sucked out in order to
react with chemical cells that enables the reading
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of O2 or CO2
Figure: A gas
combustion analyzer
© UNEP 2005
Combustion Analyzer
Precautions
•
Always calibrate the instrument in open fresh air
before taking a set of measurements
•
Check for clogging of the air filters
•
Ensure that the rubber tubing carrying the gases
to the instrument is not bended
•
Wrap the opening space left by cotton rags to
ensure that there is no in- or exfiltration of air
•
Use of hand gloves, goggles and safety helmet
•
Safety and precautions should be consulted from
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the operation manual
© UNEP 2005
Training Agenda: Monitoring
Equipment
Electrical measuring instruments
Combustion analyzer
Manometers
Thermometers
Water flow meters
Speed measurement
Leak detectors
Lux meters
11
© UNEP 2005
Manometers
What Does It Do?
• A manometer is a pressure measuring
instrument that measure the differential
pressure across two points
• The liquid-column manometer is the oldest
type and can be a simple U-shaped tube that
is half-full of liquid
• The pressure to be measured is applied to
one side of the tube and is then represented
by the difference in liquid levels in the tube
legs
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© UNEP 2005
Manometers
Principles
a)
The manometer is a U-tube half filled with liquid. When both
ends of the tube are open, the liquid is at the same height in
each leg.
b)
When positive pressure is applied to one leg, the liquid is
forced down and up in the other leg. The difference in height,
"h” indicates the pressure.
c)
When vacuum is
applied to one leg,
the liquid rises in
that leg and falls in
the other. The
difference in
height, "h,"
indicates the
amount of vacuum.
h
a
a
bb
h
cc13
Figure: Principles of a manometer © UNEP 2005
Manometers
Types of Manometers
1) A single-limb liquid-column manometer use a
large reservoir and a scale beside a narrower
column and can be used to measure small
differences between great pressures
2) Use the deflection of a flexible membrane
that seals a fixed pressure reference volume
to determine the pressure
3) Use a coiled tube that as it expands due to
pressure increase causes rotation of an arm
connected to the tube
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© UNEP 2005
Manometers
Where & How It’s Used
•
The air velocity in ducts can be measured using a
pitot tube and inclined manometer for further
calculation of flows
•
The difference in level of the manometer gives
the total velocity pressure
•
The two openings at the end of the pitot tube are
always connected to the two openings of the
manometer
Precautions
•
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Should not be exposed to very high pressures
© UNEP 2005
Training Agenda: Monitoring
Equipment
Electrical measuring instruments
Combustion analyzer
Manometers
Thermometers
Water flow meters
Speed measurement
Leak detectors
Lux meters
16
© UNEP 2005
Thermometers
Contact Thermometer
• Consists of two dissimilar metals that are
joined together at one end
• As the temp. changes at the junction of the
two metals, a voltage is produced that can
be correlated back to the temp.
• Measures flue gas, hot air and hot water
temp. through a probe in the stream
• The four most common calibrations are J,
K, T and E, and those for high temperature
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calibrations include R, S, C and GB
© UNEP 2005
Thermometers
Non Contact Type or Infrared
Thermometer
•
Based on the principle that all objects emit
infrared energy:
“The hotter the object, the more active its
molecules, and the more infrared energy is
emitted”
•
Useful for measuring hot spots in furnaces,
surface temperatures etc
•
Allows measurements in applications where
conventional sensors can’t be employed18
© UNEP 2005
Thermometers
Where & How It’s Used
• Temperatures are generally recorded for air
conditioning units, boilers, furnaces, steam
systems, waste heat recovery systems and
heat exchangers
• The probe or bulb
has to be insterted
into the fluid or
gases that are to be
measured
Figure: Thermocouple 19
© UNEP 2005
Thermometers
Precautions
• The probe must be immersed in the fluid
and the measurement must be taken after 12 minutes
• The range for which the thermocouple is
made for should be noted beforehand
• The probe of the thermocouple should
never touch the naked flame
• The emissivity should be set according to
the surface where the temperature is to be
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measured
© UNEP 2005
Training Agenda: Monitoring
Equipment
Electrical measuring instruments
Combustion analyzer
Manometers
Thermometers
Water flow meters
Speed measurement
Leak detectors
Lux meters
21
© UNEP 2005
Water Flow Meters
What Does it Do?
• Measures linear, nonlinear, mass or
volumetric flow rate of a liquid or a gas
• The time of fill method: The time it takes to
fill up a certain volume is recorded and the
average flow can be calculated
• The float method: The time it takes for a
ping pong ball to travel a known distance
and the surface velocity calculated:
The distance traveled by the ball / time taken
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© UNEP 2005
Water Flow Meters
Type of Water Flow Meters
• The rotameter is a tapered tube and a float
used for gases and liquids
• The piston-type flowmeters is an economical
alternative that use an annular orifice formed
by a piston and a
tapered cone
• Ultrasonic flowmeters
is used for liquids and
are commonly used in
dirty applications such
as wastewater
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Figure: Ultrasonic flowmeters
© UNEP 2005
Water Flow Meters
Type of Water Flow Meters
• Turbine flow meters is a very accurate meter
used for clean and viscous liquids
• Paddlewheel sensors are cost effective flow
meters for water or water like fluids
• Positive displacement flowmeters are used
when no straight pipe is available
• Vortex meters have low sensitivity to
variations in process conditions
• Magnetic flow meters do not have any 24
© UNEP 2005
moving parts and are ideal for dirty liquids
Water Flow Meters
Where & How It’s Used?
• Cases where measurement of water flow is
absolutely essential include the efficiency
of pumps and cooling towers, chillers and
air conditioning plants, heat exchangers,
condensers etc
Precautions
• Thorough cleaning of the measuring spot
• Ensure the internal is not corroded
• Measure where the pipe flow is expected to
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be laminar and the pipe must be flowing
full
© UNEP 2005
Training Agenda: Monitoring
Equipment
Electrical measuring instruments
Combustion analyzer
Manometers
Thermometers
Water flow meters
Speed measurement
Leak detectors
Lux meters
26
© UNEP 2005
Speed Measurement
Tachometers and Stroboscopes
• A tachometer is a contact
type instrument that can be
used where direct access is
possible
• A stroboscope is a source
of flashing light that can be
synchronized with any fast,
repetitive motion so that a
rapidly moving device
seems to stand still, or to
move slowly
Figures: A stroboscope
to the left and a
tachometer to the right
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© UNEP 2005
Speed Measurement
Tachometers and Stroboscopes
Tachometers (contact type):
•
Used to measure the speed of rotation of a motor or
pulley etc
•
The wheel is brought in contact with the rotating
body that due to the friction obtains the same speed
Stroboscope:
•
This is a versatile flashing light source used to:
a) measure the speed of fast-moving objects or
b) to produce the optical effect of stopping or
slowing down high-speed motion for observation,
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analysis, or high-speed photography
© UNEP 2005
Speed Measurement
Precautions
• While using a contact type tachometer, care
should be taken while bringing the wheel of
the tachometer in contact with the rotating
body
• Loose clothing should never be worn while
taking measurements with a tachometers
• Taking measurements alone should be
avoided
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© UNEP 2005
Training Agenda: Monitoring
Equipment
Electrical measuring instruments
Combustion analyzer
Manometers
Thermometers
Water flow meters
Speed measurement
Leak detectors
Lux meters
30
© UNEP 2005
Leak Detectors
What Does It Do?
• Detects the ultrasonic sound of a leak
• As long as the leak is turbulent, there will
be enough sound to detect it ultrasonically
• A leak test can be done in an enclosed area
which is saturated with refrigerant
• The electronic process heterodyning
converts the high frequency leak sound to a
lower range
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© UNEP 2005
Leak Detectors
Where & How It’s Used?
• The probe is slowly
moved close to the gas
or steam pipe line
• Where the leak is a
hissing sound can be
heard through
headphones
Figures: Leak detector
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© UNEP 2005
Leak Detectors
Precautions
• Dust or smoke should not come out of the
pipe
• Avoid measurement at the places where
sound level is high
• Safety precautions should be consulted
from the operation manual
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© UNEP 2005
Training Agenda: Monitoring
Equipment
Electrical measuring instruments
Combustion analyzer
Manometers
Thermometers
Water flow meters
Speed measurement
Leak detectors
Lux meters
34
© UNEP 2005
Lux Meters
What Does It Do?
• Consist of a body, a photo cell and a readout
• Light energy is transferred by the photo cell
into an electric current that the meter
calculates to the appropriate value of Lux or
Foot candles
• A standard color can be referred to as color
temperature and is expressed in degrees
Kelvin
• The readings will vary with different light
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sources
© UNEP 2005
Lux Meters
Where & How It’s Used?
• The sensor is placed at
the work station or
where the light intensity
will be measured
• The instrument will
directly give the reading
Figures: Lux meter
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© UNEP 2005
Lux Meters
Precautions
•
The sensor should be properly placed on
the workstation
•
Due its high sensitivity, the sensor should
be kept safely
•
Safety and precautions should be
consulted from the operation manual
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© UNEP 2005
Training Session on Energy
Equipment

Monitoring Equipment
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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© UNEP GERIAP