Transcript Smart Grid Overview

The Smart Grid
Power Quality
Power Reliability
Terry Chandler
Power Quality Inc, USA
Power Quality Thailand LTD
Sept 2011
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SmartGrid

A smart grid is neither a clearly
defined single concept nor a single
technology. Rather it is like a basket
containing various combinations of
balls. The context and the
interpretation depend upon the
user.
• Carnegie Mellon University USA
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Utility perspective

Andy Tang, an executive at the PG&E
utility in California, “ Smart Grid is not a
thing or a specific project. It is about how
the utilities leverage technology to
enhance their entire portfolio of
business processes.”
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What is a Smart grid?
“Smart grid” generally refers to a class of
technology people are using to bring
utility electricity delivery systems into
the 21st century, using computer-based
remote control and automation.
These systems are made possible by
two-way communication technology
and computer processing that has been
used for decades in other industries.
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Definitions

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A smart grid is an umbrella term that
covers modernization of both the
transmission and distribution grids.
http://en.wikipedia.org
Smart Grid is a new industry being
built around the modernization of the
electrical grid, green power
generation and more efficient usage
of electrical power.
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• Terry Chandler, Power Quality Inc Aug 2009
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NIST SmartGrid Conceptual model
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Why do we need SmartGrid?
Improve efficiencies.
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SmartGrid changes and PQ
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Interconnects at multiple levels
Changes in the network in real time will
affect many customers and network
operations will become more complex.
These will require products to isolate
the faults quickly and without network
disruption.
Products that can predict failures before
the happen or isolate before damage
occurs will be in high demand.
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Why do we need SmartGrid?
Improve reliability!

Sept 8th 2011 a Blackout occurred that
affected 5 Million customers in SW USA.
• It started at a 500KV substation in Yuma, AZ
• It tripped the 500KV line serving San Diego, Ca
and all the border communities in between.
• This caused an overload on the remaining
transmission line from Los Angles Area. It tripped.
• This removed a large percentage of the load from
the nuclear power station North of San Diego. It
shut down two generators
• Blackout lasted from 6 hours to 24 hours
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Approximate area of blackout

5 Million people, blackout for up to
12 hours.
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th
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Blackout Sept
San Diego Ca.
USA (Cause?)

The Arizona Public Service Co.
worker was switching out a
capacitor, which controls voltage
levels, outside Yuma, Ariz., near
the California border. Shortly
after, a section of a major
regional transmission line failed
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Cost of reliability for this outage

$100 million $ = 3 Billion Thai Baht
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Could the SmartGrid have
prevented this Massive Blackout?
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Yes, (if not prevented it could have
reduced the impact and dramatically
improved the restoration time)
How? Communication!
• between the loss of transmission line and
automatic load shedding.
• between the North Transmission line and
Nuclear generators that the load would be
restored quickly.
• Communication to users that power would be
restored quickly.
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What is Power Quality?
The characteristics of the
supply voltage and the
electrical system that affect
the performance of the load
 The characteristics of the
load that affect the electrical
system or other loads..

• Terry Chandler PQI 1995
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June of 2008, the U.S. Department
of Energy list for Smart Grid
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1 Optimize asset utilization and operating
efficiency.
2 Accommodate all generation and
storage options. (Green)
3 Provide power quality for the range
of needs in a digital economy.
4 Improve
reliability
Power
reliability
= outage > (outage
than 2 seconds
PQ = the value of voltage and other parameters
seconds/minutes)
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PQ/PR issues for Utility side

As Bill Howe presented, in general improving
reliability decreases the Quality of Supply.
• Voltage sags increase due to network connections
• Harmonics will change when switching sources
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Voltage transients
• Lightning (better protection)
• Switching grid will increase
• Power Factor Capacitor switching Increase
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Voltage unbalance, change as source changes
Frequency? worse if microgrids are islanded
Phase shifts maybe more frequent when
switching sources
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Event Avoidance to improve
PR/PQ
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Remote load profiling/management
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Automatic Grid event diagnostics
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Advanced data analysis
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Grid condition sensing and predictive
response
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Self-Healing Grid (improve PR)
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Improved asset
management/visibility
Real-time grid condition monitoring
• Increase reliability, increase information
a
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Automated grid switching to improve
reliability and reduce risk of major
blackouts.
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Self healing grid
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Meters as a sensors for the SmartGrid
Transformer load management, near
real time
Condition-based crew dispatching with
Automatic Fault locating
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Advanced Meter Infrastructure
•
•
•
•
•
Meters, Revenue, Grid monitors & PQMS
Meter with load connect/disconnect
Automatic outage notification
Two-way communications with meters
Automated meters a critical role in the
Smart Grid architecture as sensing
devices.
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Today’s Grid vs Smart Grid
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Compare the
reliability
Fixed line telephony
9's
2 99.0000000%
3 99.9000000%
4 99.9900000%
5 99.9990000%
6 99.9999000%
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7 99.9999900%
8 99.9999990%
Power not available
Seconds
Minutes
315,360.00
5,256
31,536.00
526
3,153.60
53
315.36
5
31.54
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3.15
0.32
How will Smart Grid affect
Power Quality

Frequent switching of the grid will
• Significant increase of switching
transients (until solid state switching
devices are used)

Sensitive loads will experience an increase
in transients
• Voltage imbalance/unbalance will
change with switching alternate sources
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Harmonics affected by Smart Grid

Voltage Harmonic levels
• Voltage distortion is a function of Harmonic
load current and the source impedance.

As the SmartGrid switches between
sources it will change the source
impedance. This will cause the Voltage
distortion level to change when the Grid
Switches.
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SmartGrid and voltage sags
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Interconnection of
distribution
substations
Increases voltage
sags incidents at
that voltage level.
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PQ changes with SmartGrid
PQ parameter
V Harmonics
Voltage transients
Voltage imbalance
Voltage Phase Shifts
Voltage Sags
Transition to netgrid
Increase
Increase
Increase
Increase
Increase
Smart Grid fully implemented
decrease or return existing level
decrease or return existing level
decrease or return existing level
decrease or return existing level
depends on implementation
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Conclusions Short term affects
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As the grid changes from Hierarchal to
network configuration the voltage sag
incident will increase.
The Voltage harmonics will change
frequently as the source impedance
changes when the SmartGrid switching.
Voltage waveform transients will occur
during the switching and can be sever if
the new source is at a different phase
angle than the existing source.
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Conclusions Long Term
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GridSwitching will become more
sophisticated to switch only at zero
crossing and when in phase.
Network design will change to reduce
voltage sag depth and duration.
Short and medium term Power
Quality will deteriorate
Long Term Power Quality should
improve to existing levels or better
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References
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http://www.leonardo-energy.org/whatdefinition-smart-grid
http://www.utilitiesproject.com
http://www.smartgridnews.com/artman/p
ublish/article_177.html
www.Gridwise.org
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Information sources for
SmartGrid
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http://www.sgiclearinghouse.org/
http://www.smartgrid.gov/
http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/sgip072611-factsheet.cfm
http://www.sgiclearinghouse.org/Lea
rnMore
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Thank You


[email protected]
[email protected]
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