Transcript Electrical - Hettrick, Cyr & Associates, Inc.

Electrical Safety - Construction
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Electricity - The Dangers
• About 5 workers are
electrocuted every week
• Causes 12% of young
worker workplace deaths
• Takes very little electricity
to cause harm
• Significant risk of causing
fires
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Electrical Safety
Take Electricity Seriously
• Electricity is the second leading cause of death in
construction.
• Electrocutions make up 12% of construction fatalities
annually.
• Over 30,000 non-fatal shocks occur each year.
• Over 600 deaths occur annually due to electrocution.
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Electrical Safety
Electrical Accidents
• Leading Causes of Electrical Accidents:
 Drilling and cutting through cables
 Using defective tools, cables and equipment
 Failure to maintain clearance distances
 Failure to de-energize circuits and follow
Lockout/Tagout procedures
 Failure to guard live parts from accidental worker
contact
 Unqualified personnel working with electricity
 Improper installation/use of temporary electrical
systems and equipment
 By-passing electrical protective devices
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Electrical Safety
Harmful Effects of Electricity
• Shock – Most common and possibly
causing electrocution or muscle
contraction leading to secondary injury
• Burns – Resistance causes heat
• Fires – Enough heat or spark can ignite
combustible materials
• Explosions – Electrical spark
can
ignite vapors in air
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Electricity – How it Works
• Electricity is the flow of
energy from one place to
another
• Requires a source of power:
usually a generating station
• A flow of electrons (current)
travels through a conductor
• Travels in a closed circuit
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Electrical Terms
• Current -- electrical movement (measured in amps)
• Circuit -- complete path of the current.
Includes electricity source, a conductor, and the output
device or load (such as a lamp, tool, or heater)
• Resistance -- restriction to electrical flow
• Conductors – substances, like metals, with little
resistance to electricity that allow electricity to flow
• Grounding – a conductive connection to the earth
which acts as a protective measure
• Insulators -- substances with high resistance to
electricity like glass, porcelain, plastic, and dry wood
that prevent electricity from getting to unwanted areas
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Electrical Injuries
There are four main types of electrical injuries:
• Direct:
Electrocution or death due to electrical shock
Electrical shock
Burns
• Indirect - Falls
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Electrical Shock
An electrical shock is received when electrical
current passes through the body.
You will get an electrical shock if a part of your
body completes an electrical circuit by…
• Touching a live wire and an electrical ground, or
• Touching a live wire and another wire at a
different voltage.
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Shock Severity
• Severity of the shock depends on:
Path of current through the
body
Amount of current flowing
through the body (amps)
Duration of the shocking
current through the body,
• LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT
MEAN LOW HAZARD
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Dangers of Electrical Shock
• Currents above 10 mA* can
paralyze or “freeze” muscles.
• Currents more than 75 mA can
cause a rapid, ineffective
heartbeat -- death will occur in a
few minutes unless a defibrillator
is used
• 75 mA is not much current – a
small power drill uses 30 times as
much
Defibrillator in use
* mA = milliampere = 1/1,000 of an ampere
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Burns
• Most common shock-related
injury
• Occurs when you touch
electrical wiring or equipment
that is improperly used or
maintained
• Typically occurs on hands
• Very serious injury that
needs immediate attention
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Falls
• Electric shock can also
cause indirect injuries
• Workers in elevated
locations who experience
a shock may fall,
resulting in serious injury
or death
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Electrical Hazards and How to
Control Them
Electrical accidents are
caused by a combination
of three factors:
Unsafe equipment
and/or installation,
Workplaces made
unsafe by the
environment, and
Unsafe work practices.
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Hazard – Exposed Electrical Parts
Cover removed from wiring or breaker box
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Control – Isolate Electrical Parts
• Use guards or
barriers
• Replace covers
Guard live parts of electric
equipment operating at 50 volts or
more against accidental contact
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Control – Isolate Electrical Parts Cabinets, Boxes & Fittings
Conductors going into them must be protected,
and unused openings must be closed
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Control – Close Openings
• Junction boxes, pull
boxes and fittings must
have approved covers
• Unused openings in
cabinets, boxes and
fittings must be closed
(no missing knockouts)
Photo shows violations
of these two requirements
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Hazard - Overhead Power Lines
• Usually not insulated
• Examples of equipment that
can contact power lines:
 Crane
 Ladder
 Scaffold
 Backhoe
 Scissors lift
 Raised dump truck bed
 Aluminum paint roller
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Control - Overhead Power Lines
• Stay at least 10 feet away
• Post warning signs
• Assume that lines are
energized
• Use wood or fiberglass
ladders, not metal
• Power line workers need
special training & PPE
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Hazard - Inadequate Wiring
• Hazard - wire too small for the current
• Example - portable tool with an
extension cord that has a wire too
small for the tool
 The tool will draw more current than
Wire Gauge
the cord can handle, causing
overheating and a possible fire
without tripping the circuit breaker
WIRE
 The circuit breaker could be the right Wire gauge measures
size for the circuit but not for the
wires ranging in size from
number 36 to 0 American
smaller-wire extension cord
wire gauge (AWG)
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Control – Use the Correct Wire
• Wire used depends on operation, building materials,
electrical load, and environmental factors
• Use fixed cords rather than flexible cords
• Use the correct extension cord
Must be 3-wire type and designed for hard or extra-hard use
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Hazard – Defective Cords & Wires
• Plastic or rubber
covering is
missing
• Damaged
extension cords
& tools
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Hazard – Damaged Cords
• Cords can be damaged by:
Aging
Door or window edges
Staples or fastenings
Abrasion from adjacent
materials
Activity in the area
• Improper use can cause
shocks, burns or fire
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Electrical Safety
Defective Cord Incident
• Attempting to climb
scaffold with electric
drill.
• Drill’s cord was worn
open.
• The wire contacted
the scaffolding.
• The worker died!
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Control – Cords & Wires
•
•
•
•
Insulate live wires
Check before use
Use only cords that are 3-wire type
Use only cords marked for hard or
extra-hard usage
• Use only cords, connection devices,
and fittings equipped with strain
relief
• Remove cords by pulling on the
plugs, not the cords
• Cords not marked for hard or extrahard use, or which have been
modified, must be taken out of
service immediately
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Permissible Use of Flexible Cords
DO NOT use flexible wiring where
frequent inspection would be difficult
or where damage would be likely.
Flexible cords must not be . . .
• run through holes in walls, ceilings,
or floors;
• run through doorways, windows, or
similar openings (unless physically
protected);
• hidden in walls, ceilings, floors,
conduit or other raceways.
Stationary equipment-to
facilitate interchange
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Grounding
Grounding creates a lowresistance path from a tool
to the earth to disperse
unwanted current.
When a short or lightning
occurs, energy flows to the
ground, protecting you
from electrical shock,
injury and death.
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Hazard – Improper Grounding
• Tools plugged into
improperly grounded
circuits may become
energized
• Broken wire or plug on
extension cord
• Some of the most
frequently violated OSHA
standards
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Electrical Safety
Can You Rely on
Grounding?
• Grounding will not work if the electricity can flow
through you more easily than the ground. This can
happen when:
 Your tool doesn’t have a ground pin.
 You’re working in water.
 You’re touching a metal object.
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Control – Ground Tools & Equipment
• Ground power supply systems,
electrical circuits, and electrical
equipment
• Frequently inspect electrical
systems to insure path to ground is
continuous
• Inspect electrical equipment before
use
• Don’t remove ground prongs from
tools or extension cords
• Ground exposed metal parts of
equipment
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Electrical Safety
Do Not Eliminate the Ground!
You become the next-best path for current!
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Control – Use GFCI (ground-fault
circuit interrupter)
• Protects you from shock
• Detects difference in current
between the black and white wires
• If ground fault detected, GFCI
shuts off electricity in 1/40th of a
second
• Use GFCI’s on all 120-volt, singlephase, 15- and 20-ampere
receptacles, or have an assured
equipment grounding conductor
program.
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Electrical Safety
Circuit Protective Devices
• Circuit Breakers and Fuses
 Only protect the building, equipment, and
tools from heat build-up!
 Never depend on circuit breakers or fuses to
prevent shocks!
• Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)
 Is the only device which will protect the
worker from shock and electrocution!
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Electrical Safety
Types of GFCI Protection
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Electrical Safety
GFCI Protection
All temporary circuits are required to have GFCI
protection or:
Equipment & cords must be included in an
Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor
Program
An extension cord is a temporary circuit (attach
GFCI to front, not end of cord).
Types: receptacle, circuit breaker and portable
Must be wired correctly and tested.
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Electrical Safety
GFCI Testers
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Control - Assured Equipment
Grounding Conductor Program
Program must cover:
 All cord sets
 Receptacles not part of a building or structure
 Equipment connected by plug and cord
Program requirements include:
 Specific procedures adopted by the employer
 Competent person to implement the program
 Visual inspection for damage of equipment
connected by cord and plug
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Hazard – Overloaded Circuits
Hazards may result from:
• Too many devices plugged
into a circuit, causing heated
wires and possibly a fire
• Damaged tools overheating
• Lack of overcurrent
protection
• Wire insulation melting, which
may cause arcing and a fire in
the area where the overload
exists, even inside a wall
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Control - Electrical Protective Devices
• Automatically opens circuit if
excess current from overload
or ground-fault is detected –
shutting off electricity
• Includes GFCI’s, fuses, and
circuit breakers
• Fuses and circuit breakers
are overcurrent devices.
When too much current:
 Fuses melt
 Circuit breakers trip
open
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Power Tool Requirements
• Have a three-wire cord with
ground plugged into a
grounded receptacle, or
• Be double insulated, or
• Be powered by a low-voltage
isolation transformer
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Tool Safety Tips
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Use gloves and appropriate footwear
Store in dry place when not using
Don’t use in wet/damp conditions
Keep working areas well lit
Ensure not a tripping hazard
Don’t carry a tool by the cord
Don’t yank the cord to disconnect it
Keep cords away from heat, oil, & sharp edges
Disconnect when not in use and when
changing accessories such as blades & bits
• Remove damaged tools from use
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Preventing Electrical Hazards - Tools
• Inspect tools before use
• Use the right tool
correctly
• Protect your tools
• Use double insulated
tools
Double Insulated marking
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Temporary Lights
Protect from contact and damage, and don’t
suspend by cords unless designed to do so.
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Electrical Safety
Temporary Lighting
• All bulbs must be
guarded
• No broken bulbs or
empty sockets
• Not suspended by
conductors
• Low voltage for wet
locations
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Clues that Electrical Hazards Exist
• Tripped circuit breakers or
blown fuses
• Warm tools, wires, cords,
connections, or junction
boxes
• GFCI that shuts off a circuit
• Worn or frayed insulation
around wire or connection
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Electrical Safety
Permanent Equipment in Temporary Use
What is wrong with using this as a ‘splitter’?
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Lockout and Tagging of Circuits
• Apply locks to power source after deenergizing
• Tag deactivated controls
• Tag de-energized equipment and
circuits at all points where they can be
energized
• Tags must identify equipment or circuits
being worked on
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Safety-Related Work Practices
To protect workers from electrical shock:
Use barriers and guards to prevent
passage through areas of exposed
energized equipment
Pre-plan work, post hazard warnings
and use protective measures
Keep working spaces and walkways
clear of cords
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Safety-Related Work Practices
• Use special insulated tools
when working on fuses with
energized terminals
• Don’t use worn or frayed
cords and cables
• Don’t fasten extension cords
with staples, hang from nails,
or suspend by wire.
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Electrical Safety
Clever? Or Foolish?
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Avoid Wet Conditions
• If you touch a live wire or other
electrical component while standing
in even a small puddle of water you’ll
get a shock.
• Damaged insulation, equipment, or
tools can expose you to live
electrical parts.
• Improperly grounded metal switch
plates & ceiling lights are especially
hazardous in wet conditions.
• Wet clothing, high humidity, and
perspiration increase your chances
of being electrocuted.
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Preventing Electrical Hazards - PPE
• Proper foot protection
(not tennis shoes)
• Rubber insulating
gloves, hoods, sleeves,
matting, and blankets
• Hard hat (insulated nonconductive)
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Preventing Electrical Hazards –
Proper Wiring and Connectors
• Use and test GFCI’s
• Check switches and
insulation
• Use three prong plugs
• Use extension cords only
when necessary & assure
in proper condition and
right type for job
• Use correct connectors
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Electrical Safety
Safe Work Practices
• No metal ladders for or near electrical
work.
• No wet hands when plugging or
unplugging.
• No raising or lowering tools by the
cords.
• Unless equipment designed for, cannot
be used in damp and wet locations, or
in extremely hot or chemically
destructive work environments.
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Training
Train employees working with electric
equipment in safe work practices, including:
• Deenergize electric equipment before
inspecting or repairing
• Using cords, cables, and electric tools that
are in good repair
• Lockout / Tagout recognition and procedures
• Use appropriate protective equipment
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Summary – Hazards & Protections
Hazards
• Inadequate wiring
• Exposed electrical parts
• Wires with bad insulation
• Ungrounded electrical systems
and tools
• Overloaded circuits
• Damaged power tools and
equipment
• Using the wrong PPE and tools
• Overhead powerlines
• All hazards are made worse in
wet conditions
Protective Measures
• Proper grounding
• Use GFCI’s
• Use fuses and circuit
breakers
• Guard live parts
• Lockout/Tagout
• Proper use of flexible
cords
• Close electric panels
• Training
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Summary
Electrical equipment must be:
 Listed and labeled
 Free from hazards
 Used in the proper manner
If you use electrical tools you must be:
 Protected from electrical shock
 Provided necessary safety equipment
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