Transcript Document

Superconductor Electricity Pipelines
Wyoming Infrastructure Authority
November 10, 2009
1
Today’s Key Energy Challenge: Carrying
100’s of Gigawatts of Green Power to Market
Many Issues
• Multiple Sources
•
•
•
•
Multiple Destinations
Cost Allocation
Siting
Transmission Across
Interconnections
• Losses
The challenge of moving renewable power long distances needs another option
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A New Transmission Option
Combine:
• Conventional underground pipeline construction
With two power system technologies:
• Superconductor cables
• Reduced voltage multi-terminal DC power transmission
The result:
• A high capacity electric transmission “pipeline” that offers
a new option for connecting diffuse sources of renewable
power to remote load centers in a controlled manner
 Underground and easy to site
 Highly efficient
 Cost competitive with currently available options
 Offers underground security and siting advantages
Superconductor Advantages with DC Power
• When carrying DC current,
superconductors themselves
are perfectly lossless
- Regardless of length
- Regardless of power rating
• Benefits
- No power limitations based on current-based losses
- Allows lower voltage, higher current transmission
- Allows underground construction
Superconductors drive the economics of this
transmission option
Superconductor Cables Projects Around the
World
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
US/EPRI – 115kV (50m)
US/Southwire – 12.5kV (30m)
DENMARK – 36kV (30m)
JAPAN – 66kV (30M)
US/DTE – 24kV (120m)
KOREA – 22.9kV (30m)
CHINA – 35kV (30m)
JAPAN – 77kV (500m)
CHINA – 10.5kV (75m)
KOREA – 22.9kV (100m)
US/Nat. Grid – 34.5kV (400m)
US/AEP – 13.8 kV (200m)
US/LIPA Phase I – 138kV (600m)
MEXICO – 15kV (30m)
SPAIN – 10kV (30m)
KOREA – 22.9kV (100m)
RUSSIA – 35 kV (30m)
CHINA – 110 kV (30m)
JAPAN – 66kV (250m)
US/ConEd – 13.8 kV (220m)
Superconductor wire and cables are
available from a variety of
manufacturers around the world
US/LIPA Phase II – 138 kV (600m)
US/ENTERGY – 13.8 kV (1,600m)
SPAIN – 20kV (30m)
RUSSIA – 35kV (100m)
KOREA/KEPCO – 154 kV (500m)
AMSTERDAM – NUON (6,000m)
CHINA – 35 kV (30m)
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Transmission Level Superconductor Cable
• Location; Holbrook,
NY (Long Island)
• 138kV, 2400A,
600m, 575MVA,
single phase
cables
• In service since
April 2008
Application of established AC superconductor cable
technology to DC is straightforward
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Figures courtesy Nexans
VSC HVDC Terminals
• Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based HVDC
terminals available from multiple manufacturers
• Advantages of VSC converter topology:
- Allows incorporation of multiple DC terminals on a
line
- Greater control and flexibility
- Allows the DC line to be envisioned as a DC bus
• VSC converter available only at lower voltages
requiring higher currents
- Voltage drop
- Losses
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AC Overhead Transmission
• Higher power and longer distances require higher
voltages
5GW of Renewable Energy
Transmission
16%
14%
% Losses (Est.)
12%
Range of Losses for Various
765kV Overhead Line Designs
10%
• Losses
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
100
• Limited power flow
200
300
400
Miles 600
500
700
800
900
1000
Transfer Capability Versus Distance of a 765 kV Overhead Line
control
Power Transfer Capability, GW
5.0
• Power transmission
characteristics
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
• Public opposition
200
400
600
800
1000
Line Length in Miles
Dominant form of transmission, but
many challenges
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Courtesy Argonne National Lab
10,000MW in a <1m Gas Pipe
Courtesy of Electric Power Research Institute
DC Superconductor Cable
Superconductor ampacity has little to no impact on
cable dimensions
Operational Opportunities for DC Superconductor
Cables: ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY
Losses for 5GW Transmission
14%
765kV OH, 2 Lines
Losses (% of 5GW)
12%
765kV OH, 3 Lines
+/-300kV Underground DC [6]
10%
Overhead +/-800kV DC [7]
+/-200kV Superconductor Pipeline
8%
Optimized 765kV, 3 Lines [8]
6%
4%
2%
0%
0
100
200
300
400
500
Length (miles)
600
700
800
900
1000
• Overall losses 2.75% for 5GW @1000 miles (2.4% for
10GW)
Loss advantage increases with distance and MW rating
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Operational Opportunities for DC Superconductor
Cables: SIMPLIFIED SITING AND ROW
• Underground installation addresses public and
environmental concerns
• One pipeline can replace
many overhead lines
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Operational Opportunities for DC Superconductor
Cables: SIMPLIFIED SITING AND ROW
Co-location along existing right-of-way may simplify
costly and complex siting procedures
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Operational Opportunities for DC Superconductor
Cables: GRID OPERATIONS
Enhanced Grid Operation and Market Dynamics
- Networked DC terminals allow aggregation of
renewable sources (wind/solar) reducing variability
- Opportunity for ancillary services including regulation,
spinning reserve, etc
Reduced Impact on Underlying Grid
- Largely decoupled from underlying AC grid
- Control over DC system interaction with AC grid during
faults
- Provides long distance wheeling without impacting
regional grids
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Operational Opportunities for DC Superconductor
Cables: Redundancy
• Redundant cables can provide single line
redundancy
• Loop networks, like EHV overlays, provide inherent
redundancy
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Cost Analysis
• 5GW, 1000mile Superconductor DC Cable
System
- US$8 M/mile
- Costs include DC terminals, refrigeration, installation
- Doubling capacity to 10GW line increases cost by less
than 1/3
• Cost Competitive with EHV AC
- US$2.5 - $5.5 Million/mile per line
- 2 to 3 lines needed for same capacity
Long distance, high power superconductor DC cables
are cost competitive with EHV AC lines
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Tres Amigas SuperStation Project
Western
Interconnection
Eastern
Interconnection
Texas
Interconnection
14,400 square acres (22.5 sq. miles) of land in Clovis , New
Mexico already allocated for project
Tres Amigas Project to Use Superconductor
Electricity Pipeline
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Lots of Power, Out of Sight and Easy to Site