Transcript Applications of Diodes

Diode in Digital Logic Design
Section 3.1-3.3
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Topic
Diagnostic Test
Lab protocol, cleaning procedure,
Linus/Cadence intro
Fundamental concepts from Electric
Circuits
Basic device physics
I-V characteristics of a diode
(Simulation)
Drift/Diffusion current
Physics of PN junction diode
Section
I-V Curve of a diode
Diode models, application of diodes
in digital logic,review
Test #1 
Diode Logic
Class Canceled! 
2.3
3.1-3.3
(Highlights)
2.1
2.2-2.3
Outline
• Review
• Diode Model
• Applications of Diodes in Digital Logic
– OR2
– AND2
Different ways of Crossing PN
Junction
Diffusion
Diffusion
np=ni2
Drift
Drift
Majority carriers cross the pn junction via diffusion (because you have the gradient)
Minority carriers cross the pn junction via drift( because you have the E, not the gradient)
Reverse Biased Diode
Reverse: Connect
the + terminal to the
n side.
Depletion region widens.
Therefore, stronger E.
E
Minority carrier to cross
the PN junction easily
through drift.
Current is composed
mostly of drift current contributed
by minority carriers.
np to the left and pn to the right.
Current from n side to p side,
the current is negative.
Forward Biased Diode
Depletion region shrinks due to charges from
the battery.
The electric field is weaker.
Majority carrier can cross via diffusion;
Greater diffusion current.
Current flows from P side to N side
IS=Reverse
Saturation=leakage current
Diode Models
(Ideal model)
(Exponential model)
(Constant voltage model)
Choosing a Diode Model
Use the ideal model to develop a quick, rough understanding of a circuit.
If the ideal model is not adequate, uses the constant voltage model, which is
sufficient for most cases.
Occasionally, we will use the exponential model
Ideal Model of a Diode
(ideal model)
(exponential model)
An ideal diode will turn on even for the slightest forward bias voltage.
(VD≥0)
An ideal diode will turn off even for the slightest reverse bias voltage.
(VD<0)
Behavior of Ideal Diode
Ideal diode:
Vanode>Vcathode: Diode is on
Vanode<Vcathode: Diode is off
An ideal current experieincing Vanode=Vcathode, carries no current
I/V Characteristics
A short--can’t get a
An Open—can’t get
V to develop across a diode.a current to flow.
A diode
Vanode>Vcathode: Diode is on
Vanode<Vcathode: Diode is off
An ideal current experieincing Vanode=Vcathode, carries no current
In practice, consider a slightly positive or negative voltage to
determine the response of a diode.
Example 1: An OR Gate Realized By Diodes
“0”=0 V
“0”=0 V
Assume that
“1”=3 V
“0”=0 V
Assume “ideal” diode
Exercise 1: An OR Gate Realized By Diodes
“1”=3V
“0”=3 V
Assume that
“1”=3 V
“0”=0 V
Assume “ideal” diode
What is Vout?
Exercise 2: An OR Gate Realized By Diodes
“1”=3V
“1”=3 V
Assume that
“1”=3 V
“0”=0 V
Assume “ideal” diode
What is Vout?
Analysis of an OR Gate
Observations:
1. If D1 is on, VA=VOUT and VOUT=“1”
2. If D2 is on, VB=VOUT and VOUT=“1”.
3. VOUT is 0 if and only if D1 and D2 are “0”
This is an OR gate.
Logic 1=3 V
Logic 0=0V
Cadence Simulation of an
OR Gate
VA=3 V
VB=3 V
VOUT=2.459 V≈3V
Cadence Simulation of an
OR Gate
VA=3 V
VB=0 V
VOUT=2.424 V≈3V
Cadence Simulation of an
OR Gate
VA=0 V
VB=0 V
VOUT=0 V
Constant Voltage Model
If VD is less than VD, On, the diode behaves like an open circuit.
The diode will behave like an open circuit for VD=VD,on
Cadence Simulation of an
OR Gate
VA=3 V
If we assume a turn on voltage
VB=0 V
of 0.6 V, we are not off by too
VOUT=2.424 V
much.
Constant voltage model: 3V-0.6V=2.4 V
Grid Control
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In Class Exercise
What kind of gate is this?
Please assume ideal diode model.
Cadence Simulation of an
AND Gate
VA=3 V
VB=3 V
VOUT=3 V
In Class Exercise
Assume that VA=“1”=3V, VB=“0”=0V
Please assume constant voltage model.
What is the output voltage?
Cadence Simulation of an
AND Gate
VA=3 V
VB=0 V
VOUT=0.575 V