Transcript Anatomy and Physiology

ANATOMY
http://www.google.com/imgres
AND
Reproductive Systems
PHYSIOLOGY
ORGANS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS:

Produce make sex cells, or sperm cells

Secrete male sex hormones

The primary sex organs are the gonads, or the testes

The testes produces sperm cells and male sex hormones
http://www.google.com/imgres
Male Reproductive System:
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/malerepro_2.gif
THE TESTES:

There are 2 testes

Within each testis are lobules that
contain coiled seminiferous tubules.

Sperm cells are made within the
seminiferous tubules.

The tubules eventually join the
epididymis.

The epididymis eventually becomes
the vas deferens.

The vas deferens unites with a
seminal vesicle to form an
ejaculatory duct and empties into
the urethra.

The urethra is the tube in which
both urine and semen are excreted.
http://www.malefertility.md/images/sperm_blockage.jpg

The prostate gland enhances motility of sperm cells & helps
neutralize the acidic vaginal secretions

The bulbourethral glands, a.k.a. Cowper’s glands, secrete
fluid that lubricate the end of the penis in preparation for
sexual intercourse.

Semen is the fluid secreted during ejaculation. This contains
nutrients, prostaglandins and sperm cells.
http://www.google.com/imgres
Formation of Sperm:
 Spermatogenesis is the process of forming sperm
cells.
 Sperm
cells form through meiosis and have only 23
chromosomes (instead of the normal 46
chromosomes of every other cells).
http://www.google.com/imgres
MALE EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS:
The Scrotum:

The scrotum is the external pouch
of skin that hangs posterior to the
penis and contains the testes.

It is divided in two by the medial
septum (2 chambers, each carrying
one testis).

It protects the testes and aids in
temperature regulation
(important in the production of
sperm cells).
http://www.google.com/imgres
The Penis:

The penis is the organ that conveys both semen and urine
through the urethra.

The foreskin, or prepuce, is a loose fold of skin that is
sometimes removed during a circumcision (a surgical
procedure).
* The next slide may disturb some of you, however, you
should understand that this is a regular procedure for most
newborn babies in the USA.
Circumcision:
http://www.shands.org/health/surgeries/images/10221.jpg
http://www.danheller.com/images/Topics/Circumcis
ion/circumcision-05.jpg
http://www.shands.org/health/surgeries/images/1022
3.jpg
MALE SEX HORMONES:

Prior to the age of 10, sperm cells are immature in males.

The hypothalamus controls the reproductive changes that occur
in males by releasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

GnRH signals the anterior pituitary gland to release folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

In males, LH and FSH eventually trigger the release of
testosterone (the main male hormone).

Male sex hormones are termed androgens.

Puberty is the time of life when sex hormones are increased in the
bloodstream (beginning between 13-15 in males).
http://www.dva.gov.au/health/menshealth/images/04_hormones.gif
TESTOSTERONE EFFECTS:
 Testosterone
stimulates the enlargement of testes &
enhances the development of the secondary sex
characteristics.
 The
secondary sex characteristics:
-increased body hair (face, chest, pubic)
-lower voice
-thicker skin
-increase muscle mass, broadening of
shoulders, narrowing of waist
-thickening & lengthening of bones
 Testosterone
increases cellular metabolism, rbc
production, and stimulates sexual activity.
ORGANS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM:
http://www.google.com/imgres

The primary sex cells are the egg
cells, or ova.

The primary sex organs, or
gonads, are the ovaries.

The ovaries produce the ova and
female sex hormones.
http://www.healthywomen.org/UterineHealthGuide/pages/images/female_reproductive_system.gif
THE OVARIES:
 There
are 2 ovaries.
 Before

birth, meiosis has already begun.
The egg cells degenerate & the female only releases
~400-500 in her lifetime.
 Oogenesis
is the process of egg cell formation.
 Egg
cells have only 23 chromosomes (instead of the
46 chromosomes of most other cells).
 When
an egg cell and a sperm cell unite they form
a zygote which has 46 chromosomes (23 + 23= 46)
OVULATION:

Once puberty in females is reached, the anterior pituitary
gland secretes FSH and this acts on the ovaries.

This matures the primary follicles one of the ovaries (the
functional units of the ovaries). Note: the ovaries take turns
each month.

As the follicle matures, the egg is released from the follicle
(this makes the follicle rupture). This is ovulation.
http://www.infertilitybooks.com/onlinebooks/malpani/images/13a_ovarianfollicle.jpg
FEMALE ACCESSORY ORGANS:

Remember, the female sex organs are ALL internal!

The uterine tubes, a.k.a. fallopian tubes or oviducts, connect the
ovaries to the uterus.

The uterus receives the embryo and holds it while it develops.
It is a muscular pear shaped organ that contains several parts:
http://www.aboutheavyperiods.com/uploadedImages/diagram_uterus.gif
FEMALE ACCESSORY ORGANS, CONT’D:
The uterus contains:

3 layers of the uterine wall are:
endometrium, myometrium, (both shed
during reproductive cycles & pregnancy)
and perimetrium

Cervix (lower third); this extends into the
vagina.
 Vagina:
receives the penis during intercourse,
is the pathway for sperm cells and is the birth
canal.

It is partially covered by a thin layer of
connective tissue called the hymen.
http://www.google.com/imgres
FEMALE ACCESSORY ORGANS, CONT’D:
 The
clitoris is a small projection on the female
that corresponds to the male’s penis (and has a
similar structure).

It has erectile tissue & sensory nerve fibers.
http://www.google.com/imgres
FEMALE CIRCUMCISION?
http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/jpg/Female_Genit
al_Cutting.jpg
http://www.benettontalk.com/female_circumcision.jpg
This is also known as Genital Cutting:
http://www.nocirc.org/publish/pamphlet9.html
*The next slide may be disturbing for some of you. Please
understand this is illegal and uncommon in the USA.
1. Clitoral Hood
(foreskin)
2. Clitoris
3..Urethra
4.Vaginal opening
5. Hymen
6. Bartholin's glands
7. Perineum
8. Anus
9. Mons veneris
10. Labia majora
11. Labia minora
http://www.nocirc.org/publish/pamphlet9.html
FEMALE SEX HORMONES:

At about age 10, the
female body’s
hypothalamus secretes
GnRH.

GnRH stimulates the
anterior pituitary gland to
secrete FSH and LH to
act on the ovaries.

The ovaries produce
estrogens and
progesterone.

Estrogens stimulate the
enlargement of the
accessory organs (vagina,
uterus, tubes, ovaries &
external structures) &
develop and maintain the
secondary sex
characteristics:
-breast development
-increased adipose
deposits (fat tissue) in
breasts, thighs and buttocks
-increased
vascularization of skin
FEMALE SEX HORMONES CONT’D:

In the non-pregnant female, progesterone promotes
uterus changes, affects the mammary glands &
regulates gonadotropin secretions.

Androgens (secreted by the adrenal cortices) in
females (extremely low) promote hair growth in the
pubic & under arms and narrowing of shoulders &
broadening of hips.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE:

a.k.a the menstrual cycle, consists of regular changes
of the uterine lining ending in menses (or menstrual
bleeding).

The ovarian cycle is the changes in the ovary that
generally correspond to the menstrual cycle.

This cycle ranges from around age 13 to middle age.

The first menses is called menarche.
THE HORMONE CYCLE:
1. GnRH (hypothalamus) signals the pituitary
gland to release FSH & LH.
2. FSH acts on the ovary: follicle matures.
3. The follicle (technically ovary) produces
estrogen & some progesterone.
4. Meanwhile, LH signals increased production
of estrogen (ovary).
5. Estrogen signals the uterine lining to thicken
& the maintenance of the secondary sex
characteristics.
THE HORMONE CYCLE:
6. Ovulation occurs on day 14 of the cycle (follicle ruptures & egg is
released).
7. The follicular body, a.k.a. yellow body or corpus luteum, is left
behind (ovary) & eventually disintegrates. It secretes progesterone
(prior to disintegrating).
8. Progesterone (ovary) stimulates the uterine lining to become
vascular.
•
The increased lining and blood flow to the uterus provides a
favorable environment for embryo development.
9. Around day 24, the corpus luteum (if the egg is not fertilized)
begins to degenerate.
10. Menstrual flow begins about the 28th day of the cycle. The cycle
begins again.
Ovarian Cycle:
http://www.google.com/imgres

Menopause is the period in life
when menstrual cycles cease.
Aging ovaries are the cause of
menopause.

The mammary glands are
accessory organs of the female
reproductive system that secrete
milk following pregnancy.
http://www.google.com/imgres
Birth Control and Sexually Transmitted Diseases:

Birth control is a means of voluntarily regulating how many
offspring produced (and at the time in which they are
produced).

Contraception is generally the means in which this is
accomplished. This is the avoidance of fertilization. (to
avoid conception).
There are several methods:
Understand: THE BEST WAY TO AVOID CONCEPTION IS
TO ABSTAIN FROM SEXUAL INTERCOURSE!
ALSO, YOU DO NOT HAVE TO HAVE SEX TO
CONCEIVE.
BIRTH CONTROL AND SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
DISEASES CONT’D:

Coitus Interruptus is the withdrawal method (before
ejaculation).

Rhythm Method, a.k.a. coitus or natural family
planning, is the method accepted by the Catholic
Church (married couples).

This requires the abstinence of sexual intercourse a few
days prior to and after ovulation to avoid pregnancy
BIRTH CONTROL:
Mechanical Barriers

prevent sperm cells
from entering the
reproductive tract
during intercourse.
These include:
 Male condom
 Female condom
 Diaphragm (must be
fitted by a physician &
used with a chemical
spermicide)
 Cervical cap
Chemical Barriers

have spermicidal
properties that create
unfavorable
environments for sperm
cells.
These include:
 Creams
 Foams
 Jellies
http://www.google.com/imgres
Doctor-Approved Methods:

Oral Contraceptives , a.k.a. birth control pills, are chemicals
that are taken by women that contain hormones (or
synthetic hormones) that disrupt normal or prevent
ovulation.


They also prevent uterine lining buildup (which would interfere
with embryo implantation).
Injectable Contraception, like Depro-Provera, protects
against conception for 3 months.

This alters the uterine lining.

Contraceptive Implants are rods of progesterone capsules
surgically inserted under the skin that prevent ovulation
for up to 5 years.

Intrauterine Devices (IUD) are inserted into the uterine
cavity and interfere with implantation. (ie: NuvaRing)
DOCTOR-APPROVED METHODS:
Surgical Procedures, such as vasectomies in males and
tubule ligations in females, are a little more drastic.

A vasectomy removes a section of the vas deferens
near the epididymis & ties the cut ends together.

This is an outpatient procedure.
This separates the sperm cells from leaving the body (but
it may take a few weeks for this to be effective).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sWDYXX2z7w


A tubal ligation cuts the uterine tubes and ensures
that sperm cannot reach the eggs.
This is internal surgery!
http://www.essuredr.com/EssureTubalLigation.html

Vasectomy vs. Tubal Ligation:
http://www.google.com/imgres
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDS):

These are silent
infections b/c the
symptoms don’t show in
early stages.

Many STDs have
similar symptoms to
other diseases &
allergies (that are not
sexually transmitted).



Human Papilloma
Virus (HPV): viral
infection causing
warts; if left
untreated can cause
cervical cancer.
Genital Herpes:
viral infection
causing warts
Chlamydia:
bacterial infection
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDS):

Gonorrhea: bacterial infection

Pelvic inflammatory disease: complication of gonorrhea &
Chlamydia; bacteria gain entry into the vagina and spread
throughout the reproductive organs.


Starts with cramps and then results in fever, chills, weakness &
severe cramps.

Hospitalization & IV fluids (and antibiotics) are necessary. Can
result in sterilization.
Hepatitis A, B & C: viral infection

A: runs its course (flu-like symptoms)

B: no treatment (~10% develop liver damage)

C: no treatment (most develop liver damage)
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDS):
 Syphilis:
bacterial infection

Symptoms: ulcers, rash, flu-like, warts, patchy
hair loss, NS & CVS complications can occur.

Must be treated early with antibiotics.
 AIDS
(acquired immune deficiency disease)
destroys the immune system.

Caused by HIV, human immunodeficiency virus,
(passes from the body fluids from one person to
another)
PREGNANCY:





From fertilization
(conception) until
the birth of the
infant
Gestation=
development of
the fetus
Embryo= 1st 8
weeks
Fetus= week 9
until birth
Infant= at birth
http://www.google.com/imgres
DEVELOPMENT
 Pregnancy
(gestation): internal
development of the embryo(s)
Divided into 3 trimesters
 1st trimester: fertilization, cleavage,
blastocyst, implantation,
organogenesis, & neurulation all
occur
 2nd
trimester: rapid growth, embryo
now a fetus, very active
 3rd
trimester: activity decreases,
rapid growth
http://health.stateuniversity.com/article_images/gem_04_img0526.jpg
THE STAGES OF EARLY
EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT


Fertilization- egg & sperm fuse
Cleavage- cells divide (partitions the zygote;
morulablastula)
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_NpHFRQ-Dk3Q/Sa4VR84sEoI/AAAAAAAABSs/e-O7EHtzFYY/s400/human_embryo_day_3_copy.gif

Gastrulation- rearranges the blastula into 3 layered
embryo (endoderm, mesoderm & ectoderm).
Occurs ~15 days after fertilization; takes about 20 days
 Ectoderm: becomes nervous system & epidermis
 Endoderm: becomes mucous layers & several glands
 Mesoderm: becomes almost all other organs



Organogenesis- (a.k.a. morphogenesis) organs
form, “larva” forms
Neurulation or Neural Tube Formationdevelopment of the neural tube (brain & spinal
cord) or the nervous system.

Occurs ~18 days after fertilization; takes ~23 days
(overlaps gastrulation)
http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/devel/c7.46.17.human.fetus.jpg
At 21
weeks:
http://rasica.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/samuelshand.jpg
Comparing
Embryos:
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=94773&rendTypeId=34
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH
PREGNANCY:
Morning sickness (first few months)
 Heartburn
 Constipation
 Frequent urination and/or stress
incontinence
 Difficulty breathing
 Increased blood pressure and pulse

Look up in text or online!
 Know the following:

prostate cancer, gonorrhea, pelvis
inflammatory disease, cervical cancer, breast
cancer, abortion, Braxton Hicks contractions,
Cesarean section, afterbirth,
pseduohermaphrodites, & hermaphrodites