Reproductive System, Day 4 (Professor Powerpoint)
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Transcript Reproductive System, Day 4 (Professor Powerpoint)
Reproductive System
Chapter 26 – Day 4
4/23/08
Conception
The purpose of reproduction – The sexual act (coitus)
allows fertilization of the egg if it (coitus) occurs at the
correct time of the ovarian cycle
Conception
Secondary Oocyte is released – travels slowly down the
uterine tube
Timing is CRITICAL
After release from the ovary the oocyte survives for ONLY
24 hours
If sperm is available within this period of time, then
fertilization can take place
Sperm remains in the female tract in a viable condition
for approximately 72 hours
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Conception
Millions of sperm are released because there are many
challenges:
♦ Acidic secretions
♦ Fluid currents
When the sperm reaches the egg
♦ Millions crowd the egg
♦ As soon as on makes contact…
♦ Changes in the egg block the other sperm
The acrosome contains hyaluronidase
♦ This dissolves the outer wall of the ovum (zona pellucida)
♦ The sperm then “enters the egg” – the membranes are fused
If fertilization occurs, the second polar body is expelled –
the secondary oocyte/egg = ovum (mature gamete)
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Conception
The membrane of the egg immediately thickens, forming
a hard wall (fertilization membrane)
♦ This prevents the entry of other sperm
An electrical reaction occurs – “cortical reaction” occurs
after penetration
♦ Enzymes destroy all sperm binding sites on the surface of the
egg
♦ The chromosome number is now diploid
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Fate of the Fertilized Egg
At fertilization
♦ The haploid nuclei of the ovum & sperm fuse to form a common
diploid segmentation nucleus (the ZYGOTE)
♦ Occasionally a single fertilized egg splits into two shortly after
fertilization = monozygotic/identical twins
• Sometimes (very rare) the “split” is not complete, so they
remain joined = siamese twins
♦ If 2 ova are released and each gets fertilized separately by their
own separate sperm = dizygotic/fraternal twins
• These are not genetically identical
After the formation of a fused nucleus –
DEVELOPMENT BEGINS:
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1.Mitotic cell division
2.Cell differentiation/specialization
3.Size increase (growth)
Initial Development Stages
Cleavage
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
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Multiple mitotic divisions
The cell splits into 2 identical cells, these split, yielding 4, etc…
Each new cell = blastomere
Once there is a solid mass of cells = morula
The size of the mass remains the same as the original zygote
Fig. 27.2
Initial Development Stages
Blastocyst Formation
♦ 4-5 days after fertilization
♦ There is a rearrangement of the cells
♦ Cells arrange along the edge of the morula–
forms a hollow ball of cells = blastocyst
♦ There are 2 distinct areas
• The trophoblast = surrounding cells
• The inner cell mass = cluster of cells at one
pole
The embryo forms from the inner cell mass
The surrounding membrane forms from
the trophoblast
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Fig. 27.2
Implantation
The blastocyst enters the
uterus (free floating)
8 days after fertilization, the
blastocyst becomes attached
or implanted onto the uterine
wall
Orientation of the blastocyst is
important
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♦ The inner cell mass faces the
uterine wall
♦ It touches the wall
♦ Upon contact:
• The trophoblast separates into
2 layers at the area of contact
Fig. 27.3
Implantation
The trophoblast has separated into 2 layers:
The syncytiotrophoblast = outer layer
♦ This layer invades the inner portion of the endometrium
♦ Eventually it creates a region where maternal blood will be
available for nourishment
♦ Enzymes break down the uterine wall
The cytotrophoblast = inner layer, surrounding the
inner cell mass
♦ This layer forms the placenta along with the syncytiotrophoblast
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Fig. 27.2
Hormone Changes
At the onset of implantation
♦ Trophoblast layers secrete HCG
• This maintains the corpus – which maintains levels of
estrogen & progesterone
• Pregnancy tests detect HCG levels
♦ Prostaglandins are released by endometrial cells
• This is triggered by the blastocyst
• Allows liquefaction of endometrial cells
Development up to the 8th week = Embryo Development
Development from 8th week to birth = Fetal Development
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Fig. 27.2
Embryo Development
Begins in second week:
Gastrulation
♦ Inner cell mass forms primary
germ layers
• Ectoderm = outer layer
◦ Will become integument,
nervous system
• Endoderm = innermost layer
◦ Will become GI tract, respiratory
tract & urinary system
• Mesoderm = middle layer
◦ Will become connective tissue,
bone, muscle, blood
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Fig. 27.4
Embryo Development – Weeks 2-5
Extraembryonic layers also form germ layers
Yolk sac= endoderm & mesoderm
♦ basically a blastocoel layered with mesoderm
♦ Blood cell formation
Amnion = mesoderm & ectoderm
♦ Extension of the ectoderm = a chamber with amniotic fluid
♦ Functions to cushion the baby
Allantois = endoderm & mesoderm
♦ Forms near base of the yolk sac, close to endoderm
♦ Extension towards uterine wall
♦ Form the umbilical cord & urinary bladder
Chorion = mesoderm & trophoblast
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♦ Chorionic villi with blood vessels
♦ Involved in placentation
Embryonic Development
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Fig. 27.5
Placentation
Placenta formation
♦ Starts close to the beginning of the 4th week
♦ Is completed by the 5th month of pregnancy
At the attachment point, the endometrium becomes the
decidua (has 3 layers) = (mother/maternal placenta)
♦ Parietalis = adjacent to the uterus wall
♦ Capsularis = between the embryo & uterus wall
♦ Basalis = adjacent to the chorion
On the fetal side: Chorion & Chorionic villi
Chorionic villi grow into the dicidua basalis, these contain
fetal blood vessels originating from the allantois
As the embryo & later the fetus enlarges, the chorionic
villi, along with blood vessels extend further towards the
decidua basalis
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Placentation
The space between the villi & the decidua basalis
Maternal blood vessels release blood into the space, this
bathes the chorionic villi
This allows nutrients to diffuse in, but no mixing of blood
As the fetus extends away, the allantois develops into
the umbilical cord with blood vessels leading to the
chorionic villi
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Chorionic villi and umbilical cord
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Fig. 27.5
Chorionic villi and umbilical cord
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Fig. 27.5
Function of the Placenta
Diffusion of O2 & nutrients from maternal blood to fetal
blood
Diffusion of CO2 & wastes from fetal blood to maternal
blood
Other items that can cross the placenta:
♦ Hormones, antibodies, drugs, alcohol
♦ Infectious agents: viruses like measles, rubella & aids
The placenta releases estrogen & progesterone to
maintain uterus wall
At birth the placenta detaches from the uterus – it is
expelled after birth
Umbilical cord is cut – leaves “umbilicus” = belly button
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Diagnostics
Amniocentesis & Chorionic Sampling
♦ Diagnose the “health” of the fetus – protein levels & genetic
analysis
♦ Done to rule out birth defects – offered only if risk is high
Amniocentesis (2nd trimester, 15-18 weeks):
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
Fetus is located by ultrasound
Needle is inserted into amnion
Fluid is withdrawn
Tissue can be cultured, karyotypes, sex determined
High levels of protein may indicate spina bifida
Chorionic villi sampling (as early as 8 weeks):
♦ Catheter is inserted through cervix into uterus
♦ Villi are collected for sampling
♦ Cells are examined for genetic problems
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Back to development
While those extraembryonic layers are developing,
embryo development is also underway
Embryogenesis:
♦ Starts at the 2nd week
♦ Folding: A head fold & tail fold develop
♦ Orientation: dorsal vs. ventral sides become distinct (different)
Organogenesis = formation of organs
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Table 27-1
Pregnancy
Duration = 3 trimesters of 3 months each
1st trimester:
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
Extraembryonic layers are formed & develop as outlined
Embryogenesis
Organogenesis
By the 8th week the fetus is formed
All major organs are formed by 3 months
2nd trimester:
♦ Fetal growth
♦ Grows faster than the placenta
♦ Amniotic membrane fuses with the chorion = amniochorionic
membrane
3rd trimester:
♦ Next slide
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Pregnancy
Duration = 3 trimesters of 3 months each
3rd trimester:
♦ Organ systems develop further towards functioning
independently
♦ The uterus expands in size
• In the process it pushes other maternal organs out of the way
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Physical Changes in Mother (uterus)
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Fig. 27.10
Pregnancy - Fetus
In the fetus:
♦ Lung, kidneys, GI tract are all NOT functioning
♦ Umbilical vein – brings oxygenated blood from placenta to the
fetus
♦ Blood reaches the fetus – mixed blood pumps through fetus
♦ Blood returns to placenta via umbilical arteries
Full Term
♦ At 9 months – the uterus has expanded extensively from its
original size
♦ The uterus now contains approximately 5 liters of fluid
♦ The average fetus weighs 2.6 kg (7lb)
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Physical Changes in Mother (uterus)
HOW does the uterus stretch (look at Fig. 27-10)?!?!
♦ It is a gradual process
that reaches its max. at
full term
♦ increased smooth
muscle contractions in
uterus wall
♦ Increased stretch
♦ The process is
controlled by hormone
levels
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Fig. 27.10
Stretching of Uterus - Hormones
Implantation:
♦ HCG elevates progesterone
♦ Progesterone inhibits stretching – OK for initial stages of
pregnancy
As the placenta develops
♦ Estrogen increases
♦ Estrogen increases contractions in the uterus
As estrogen increases, oxytocin increases in response to
estrogen levels
Usually at the time of delivery the very high estrogen
levels will increase the force and frequency of
contractions
As estrogen & oxytocin increase, prostaglandins
increase in the endometrium = uterus stretches further
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