Transcript Correlative Body Systems

Correlative Body Systems
Body Temperature Regulation
• Endothermy
– Using energy generated
by metabolism
(mitochondria) to
regulate and maintain
temperature
• Ectothermy
– The use of external
thermal energy to
regulate and maintain
temperature
Body Temperature Regulation
Surface-to-Volume Ratio
• Alveoli
• Villi and Microvilli
Interactions and Coordination
• Gas Exchange and Respiratory systems
Interactions and Coordination
• Gas Exchange
Interactions and Coordination
Interactions and Coordination
Interactions and Coordination
• Circulatory and
Respiratory
Obtaining Nutrients
• Digestive Systems
Obtaining Nutrients
Interactions and Coordination
Obtaining Nutrients
• Regulation
Eliminating Wastes
• Nitrogenous waste
Eliminating Wastes
Eliminating Wastes
Homeostatic Control
• Osmoregulation
Muscular
Interactions and Coordination
Fig. 47-UN1
Sperm-egg fusion and depolarization
of egg membrane (fast block to
polyspermy)
Cortical granule release
(cortical reaction)
Formation of fertilization envelope
(slow block to polyspermy)
Fig. 47-UN2
2-cell
stage
forming
Animal pole
8-cell
stage
Vegetal pole
Blastocoel
Blastula
Fig. 47-UN3
Fig. 47-UN4
Neural tube
Neural tube
Notochord
Notochord
Coelom
Coelom
Fig. 47-UN5
Species:
Stage:
Fig. 47-UN6
Body Cavities
• Most triploblastic animals possess a body
cavity
• A true body cavity is called a coelom and is
derived from mesoderm
• Coelomates are animals that possess a true
coelom
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Fig. 32-8
Coelom
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue layer
lining coelom
and suspending
internal organs
(from mesoderm)
(a) Coelomate
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Pseudocoelom
Muscle layer
(from
mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
(b) Pseudocoelomate
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissuefilled region
(from
mesoderm)
Wall of digestive cavity
(from endoderm)
(c) Acoelomate
Fig. 32-8a
Coelom
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
(a) Coelomate
Tissue layer
lining coelom
and suspending
internal organs
(from mesoderm)
• A pseudocoelom is a body cavity derived from
the mesoderm and endoderm
• Triploblastic animals that possess a
pseudocoelom are called pseudocoelomates
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Fig. 32-8b
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Pseudocoelom
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
(b) Pseudocoelomate
Muscle layer
(from
mesoderm)
• Triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity are
called acoelomates
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Fig. 32-8c
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissuefilled region
(from
mesoderm)
Wall of digestive cavity
(from endoderm)
(c) Acoelomate
Protostome and Deuterostome Development
• Based on early development, many animals
can be categorized as having protostome
development or deuterostome development
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Cleavage
• In protostome development, cleavage is spiral
and determinate
• In deuterostome development, cleavage is
radial and indeterminate
• With indeterminate cleavage, each cell in the
early stages of cleavage retains the capacity to
develop into a complete embryo
• Indeterminate cleavage makes possible
identical twins, and embryonic stem cells
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Fig. 32-9
Protostome development
(examples: molluscs,
annelids)
Deuterostome development
(examples: echinoderm,
chordates)
Eight-cell stage
Eight-cell stage
Spiral and determinate
(a) Cleavage
Radial and indeterminate
(b) Coelom formation
Key
Coelom
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Archenteron
Coelom
Mesoderm
Blastopore
Blastopore
Solid masses of mesoderm
split and form coelom.
Mesoderm
Folds of archenteron
form coelom.
Anus
Mouth
(c) Fate of the blastopore
Digestive tube
Mouth
Mouth develops from blastopore.
Anus
Anus develops from blastopore.
Fig. 32-9a
Protostome development
(examples: molluscs,
annelids)
Eight-cell stage
Spiral and determinate
Deuterostome development
(examples: echinoderms,
chordates)
Eight-cell stage
Radial and indeterminate
(a) Cleavage
Coelom Formation
• In protostome development, the splitting of
solid masses of mesoderm forms the coelom
• In deuterostome development, the mesoderm
buds from the wall of the archenteron to form
the coelom
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Fig. 32-9b
Protostome development
(examples: molluscs,
annelids)
Deuterostome development
(examples: echinoderms,
chordates)
(b) Coelom formation
Coelom
Key
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Archenteron
Coelom
Mesoderm
Blastopore
Solid masses of mesoderm
split and form coelom.
Blastopore
Mesoderm
Folds of archenteron
form coelom.
Fate of the Blastopore
• The blastopore forms during gastrulation and
connects the archenteron to the exterior of the
gastrula
• In protostome development, the blastopore
becomes the mouth
• In deuterostome development, the blastopore
becomes the anus
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Fig. 32-9c
Protostome development
(examples: molluscs,
annelids)
Deuterostome development
(examples: echinoderms,
chordates)
Anus
Mouth
(c) Fate of the blastopore
Key
Digestive tube
Anus
Mouth
Mouth develops from blastopore. Anus develops from blastopore.
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Concept 32.4: New views of animal phylogeny are
emerging from molecular data
• Zoologists recognize about three dozen animal
phyla
• Current debate in animal systematics has led
to the development of two phylogenetic
hypotheses, but others exist as well
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• One hypothesis of animal phylogeny is based
mainly on morphological and developmental
comparisons
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Fig. 32-10
“Porifera”
Eumetazoa
Metazoa
ANCESTRAL
COLONIAL
FLAGELLATE
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
Deuterostomia
Ectoprocta
Brachiopoda
Echinodermata
Bilateria
Chordata
Platyhelminthes
Protostomia
Rotifera
Mollusca
Annelida
Arthropoda
Nematoda
• One hypothesis of animal phylogeny is based
mainly on molecular data
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Metazoa
Silicea
Calcarea
Ctenophora
Eumetazoa
ANCESTRAL
COLONIAL
FLAGELLATE
“Porifera”
Fig. 32-11
Cnidaria
Acoela
Bilateria
Deuterostomia
Echinodermata
Chordata
Platyhelminthes
Lophotrochozoa
Rotifera
Ectoprocta
Brachiopoda
Mollusca
Annelida
Ecdysozoa
Nematoda
Arthropoda