Durkheim`s Ideas
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Transcript Durkheim`s Ideas
Emile Durkheim
(1858-1917)
Personal Information
Born April 1858
Jewish section of Epinal, France
Family: Close-knit
Not wealthy but respected
Hey Hey Durkheim
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgA41FMY0oQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SxVImdGYu3I
Functionalism
Personal Information
1887 first faculty appointment
1st Sociology course
Chair: Dept. of Social Sciences
Married, 2 children
1896-1902 (University of Bordeaux)
(Son, Andre died in WWI)
Died at 59
Social Environment
Rapid
industrialization
Conflict:
Workers and Owners
Paris Commune (1871)
Workers seized Paris
Established egalitarian republic
Government destroyed commune
Killed 20,000 working-class people
Social Environment: France
History
of Political Instability
Monarchy of Louis XVI
French Revolution (1789)
Dictatorship of Napoleon I (1799-1815)
Restoration of Bourbon monarchy
Bourbons overthrown (1830)
Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette
Napoleon I
History of Political Instability
Monarchy of Louis Philippe
Revolution ended monarchy (1848)
2nd Republic (1848-1852)
Emperor Napoleon III (1852-1870)
Nephew of Napoleon I
Deposed after defeat in Franco-Prussian
War
Louis Philippe
Napoleon III
(Nephew of Napoleon I)
History of Political Instability
Durkheim lived in 3rd Republic
People had lost moral unity
Remnants of previous governments
People supported:
Democracy
Monarchy
Socialism
Durkheim’s 3 Basic Concerns
1) Instability
Economic
Political
2) Violence
Workers & employers
Between nations
Anti-Semitism
3) Decadence
Self-centered
No sense of community
Sociology the Solution
Purpose of Sociology=Explain how
to make modern society work
Develop positivist laws
Solve problems
Address moral crises
Create stability
Morality
Morality composed of three elements:
1.
Discipline
2.
Attachment
3.
(Constrains egoistic impulses)
(Voluntarily join groups)
Autonomy
(Individual responsibility)
Sources of Morality
Education
Provides children with moral tools
Occupational associations
Adults acquire morals
Intellectual Influences
Kant
Morality
without divinity
Sense of duty
Saint-Simon
Sociology->Moral
laws
Hold society together
Intellectual Influences
Comte
Focus:
Social stability & change
Spencer
Social
evolution
Ideas
Social Solidarity
Dynamic Density
Social Facts
Collective Consciousness
Collective Representations
Social Currents
Society as a distinct social reality
Individual as Dualistic
Social Solidarity
A
set of norms, values, and
morals that hold a certain group
of people together
“The ties that bind”
Social context:
Growing individualism
Social dislocation
Moral diversification
Social Solidarity
1) Mechanical Solidarity
Non-industrial societies
Minimal division of labor
Few occupations
Similarity bound people together
Social Solidarity
2) Organic Solidarity
More advanced societies (industrial)
Increased division of labor
Many occupations
Difference and Interdependency
create solidarity
Social Facts
“Ways of acting, thinking, & feeling,
external to the individual & endowed with
the power of coercion, by reason of which
they control him.”
Independent of any single individual
Only explained by other social facts
Social Facts-3 General Types
1. Material facts
Social
structures
Economy,
Family, Social class
Morphological
Facts
Form and Structure
Population
size and density
Geographical location
Social Facts
(cont.)
2. Nonmaterial facts
Norms
Values
Collective
representations
Collective
consciousness
Social Facts
(cont.)
3. Social currents
Not
as clearly formed
Examples:
Enthusiasm
in crowds
Indignation in crowds
Depression in particular social
groups
Collective Consciousness
Totality of beliefs & sentiments
common to the average member of
society
Exists before individuals
Survives individuals
Collective Consciousness
(cont.)
Experienced
as external force
Shapes behavior
Varies
from society to society
Based on division of labor
Collective Consciousness
4 dimensions
1. Volume=Number of people involved
2. Intensity=How deeply people feel
about the belief
3. Rigidity=Clarity of the definition
4. Content=Form collective consciousness
takes
4 Dimensions
Marriage in Feudal Societies
(Mechanical Societies)
Volume=Most people involved
Intensity=Felt deeply about it
Rigidity=Clearly defined
Content=Religious & economic
4 Dimensions
Marriage Today
(Organic Society)
Volume=Large
# but smaller %
Intensity=Feel
less deeply
of population
Rigidity=Less
clearly defined
Content=Personal
choice
Society & Social Reality
Society
as a distinct form of
social reality
Cannot
be reduced to biology or
psychology
Society
is not the mere sum of
its parts
Individual as Dualistic
Individual part and Social part
Individual
part
Bioorganic
Inborn
Self-centered
Individual as Dualistic
Social
Part
Develops
through interaction
Socialization
Altruistic
Group
oriented
Needs
nurturing & developing
Anomie
Norms (expectations for behavior)
are:
Confused
Unclear or
Not present
Normlessness
Anomie
Modern individuals insufficiently
integrated into society ->
Weakening bonds
Social regulation breaks down
Societal control on individual
desires & interests is ineffective
Individuals on their own
Anomie
Human’s
dual nature->
Breakdown of morals
Rising
rates of deviance
Social unrest
Unhappiness
Stress
Research
Suicide rates are social facts
4 types of suicide:
1. Egoistic
2. Altruistic
3. Anomic
4. Fatalistic
Research on Suicide
Durkheim
defined suicide as:
“death resulting directly or
indirectly from a positive or
negative act of the victim himself,
which he knows will produce this
result.”
Egoistic Suicide
Low social integration
Group solidarity declined
Individual must depend on self
Excessive individualism
Vulnerable groups:
Urban dwellers
Industrial workers
Protestants
Unmarried men
Altruistic Suicide
High social integration
Excessive integration into group
Completely absorbed by group
Duty to commit suicide for group
Examples:
Observed more in less “civilized”
societies
One group in modern society—
Army
Anomic Suicide
Low social regulation
Breakdown of moral community
No rules or vague rules
Examples:
Adolescents
Older white men
Fatalistic Suicide
Excessive social regulation
Too tightly controlled
Few choices
Examples:
Slaves
Very young husbands
Married women--when divorce
is not available
Contribution to Sociology
Institutionalized
Sociology
Taught first class
Defined
sociology’s area of
research
Research
illustrated sociology’s
usefulness
Contribution to Sociology
Set the standard for research style
& presentation
Literature review
Theoretical context
Testable hypotheses
Use of statistics
Implications of findings