Transcript Theory

PCD
Objective 6.02
Understand the cognitive
and moral development of
children ages 3-6.
Theories of Cognitive Development
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What does Cognitive really mean?
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Intellectual thinking
Using your brain
Logical thinking
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Using commonsense
What is a Theory?
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Speculation
Hypothesis
Guess
Assumption
http://www.debunking911.com/hypothesis.gif
What is a Theorist?
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Philosopher
Truth-seeker
Thinker
Academic
Dreamer
http://www.math.hmc.edu/~tucker/math104/graphics/thinking-cap.gif
Why do we need to learn about
Theories?
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We study Child Development Theorist
Because they studied how children learn, grow,
and play
We study children
Therefore we will learn about what these theorist
believe to be TRUE about children’s
developmental growth
To help us better understand CHILDREN!!!
What Child Developmental Theorist
do we study?
1.
Howard Gardner
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2.
Jean Piaget
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3.
Children learn thru using the 5 senses, hands-on
Kohlberg
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6.
Learning is social based
Maria Montessori
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5.
4 stages of development
Lev Vygotsky
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4.
8 Multiple Intelligences
Moral Development-6 stages
Bronfenbrenner
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Moral Orientation (direction)-5 stages
Can you guess each theorist?
6
4
2
1. Piaget
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3
5
2. Maria
Montessori
3. Kohlberg
4. Bronfenbrenner
5. Vygotsky
6. Gardner
Howard Gardner
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Theory:
– 8 Multiple (many) Intelligences (way you think and learn)
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Linguistic intelligence
– sensitive to and able to easily understand and use language
Logical-mathematical intelligence
– able to easily perform math operations and scientific thinking
Spatial intelligence
– able to easily interpret and construct three-dimensional forms in space
Musical intelligence
– recognize and learn musical rhythms, beats, and patterns easily
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
– use mind to coordinate body movements
Interpersonal intelligence
– understand the intentions, desires and motivations of others
Intrapersonal intelligence
– understand oneself, including fears, hopes, and motivations
Naturalist intelligence
– drawing from the environment, from nature
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http://anglais.edunet.tn/projects/perso_site/skhlifi/articles
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Jean Piaget
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He has 4 stages
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We discussed his 1st stage when we learned about Infants
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Sensorimotor--Infant’s learn from their 5 senses and moving
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Ages 2-7=Preoperational Period
Theory: Child think in terms of their own activities and what
they perceive at the moment.
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Make-believe play
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Use of symbols
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Objects and words can be symbols
Egocentric viewpoint
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Imitate real life situations
View world in terms of their own thoughts and feelings
Limited focus
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Make decisions based on own perceptions
Lev Vygotsky’s
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Theory: Learning is socially based
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Parents, teachers and peers promote learning
Children play key roles in their own education
Teachers should collaborate with students rather than
lecture
Students should collaborate with each other
Classroom would have tables for teamwork and small
group learning
Maria Montessori
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Theory: Children would learn naturally if placed in a
prepared learning environment with the appropriate
learning games.
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Play games to learn how to write and strengthen muscles
of the hands and fingers before writing
Focuses on the development of the senses, language
and motor skills with a view to prepare a child’s mind and
body for future learning.
Classroom is designed so students can learn by
themselves
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“Learning stations”
arranged by subject area
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Materials are within reach of children
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Teacher allow independence
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Never interrupting a student engaged in a task
Using the word “work” instead of “play” helps
a child develop a sense of worth
Recommendations to support
Cognitive Development
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Experiences shared with adults form the basis for
children’s learning
Talk with children about their world and what they
are doing
Ask children questions that help them think about
experiences in new ways and focus on process of
play
Explanations and suggestions are helpful
Asking child’s advice promotes learning
Trips and activities are important for learning
Helping around the house provides great learning
activities
Reading
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Books provide an opportunity to learn about and understand the
world.
Children who enjoy reading will find learning easier and more fun
Reading to children helps them associate reading with fun
The ability to hear phonemes is important (ou in house)---rhyming
words help develop phonemes awareness
When reading a familiar book to a child stop and let child fill in
sounds
Words that repeat the same sounds are called alliterations and
they help develop phonemes
After learning sounds, a child can associate the sound with the
letter
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Important step in learning to read
Children who are bilingual (Speaks 2 languages) find it easier to
learn to read.
Introducing Art & Music
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Art helps children express their feelings, develop
fine motor skills, and express their creativity.
Children should be encouraged to experiment
with art materials without being corrected or
criticized.
Asking a child about their work helps develop
verbal skills.
Playing simple instruments helps develop child’s
interest in music.
Children are intrigued by rhythm.
Moral Development
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Learning & Understanding
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Difference between Right Vs. Wrong
Reasons behind rules
Developing a conscience
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Principles
Ethics
Different between right and wrong
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“Let you conscience be your guide”
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Who said this? 5 points extra credit on 6.02 test if you name the
character?
http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/teachers_resources/image
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Pinocchio's very own Jiminy Cricket sang
that song in the movie.
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He was reminding Pinocchio to make the right
choice’s or his nose would grow very long if he
told a lie!
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REMEMBER NOW???? 
Kohlberg
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Theory: Moral Development-6 stages
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Right from wrong
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Egocentric
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Individual seeks to do what is right to gain the approval of others
Rules of behavior
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What is right is what benefits the self
Approval
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Law and order
Seeks to abide by the law and fulfill his or her duty
The individual better understands the feelings of others and
develop a genuine interest in their welfare
Moral maturity
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A person must be able to recognize a person’s point of view.
Bronfenbrenner
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Theory: Moral Orientation (direction)-5 stages
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Self-oriented morality
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Authority-orientated morality
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accepts decisions of peers about what’s right and wrong in order to
conform
Collective-oriented morality
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accepts decisions of authority figures about what’s good and bad
Peer-orientated morality
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wants to satisfy personal needs and desires
places the group’s goals and interests over personal interests
Objectively-oriented morality
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accepts universal values without regard to criticism or differing opinions
from some individuals
Recommendations to Support
Moral Development
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Set clear standards of behavior
Respond to inappropriate behavior
Talk about mistakes in private
Understand that children will test the limits
Consider the child’s age and abilities
It is a life long task to learn self-discipline
Continue to show love despite behavior
Model moral behavior
Children learn to follow an example
Do not send mixed messages.
Pick up language and speech patterns from others
Learn that others live by different rules
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TV, movies, and other media also become role models
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Cognitive Developmental Milestones
Matching GAME
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You will receive a developmental milestone
You will need to decide what age that milestone
would fall under
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3 year olds
4 year olds
5 year olds
6 year olds
Cognitive Developmental Milestones
of Children 3-6
3 yr. olds
4 yr. olds
5 yr. olds
6 yr. olds
- Uses longer
sentences
than younger
children
- Knows about
900 words
- Follows twopart
directions
- Sorts by color
and shape
- Speaks in complete
sentences of five to
six words
- Makes up stories
- Asks many when,
where, how, and
why questions
- Understands threestep directions
- Knows colors and
shapes
- Understands same and
different, top and
bottom
- Uses 6-8 word
sentences with
correct grammar
- Understands about
13,000 words
- Learns alphabet and
many letter
sounds
- Recalls part of a
story
- Counts up to ten
objects and can
sort by size
- Understands above
and below, before
and after
- Reads words and
simple
sentences
- Writes simple
words
- Solves problems
more effectively
- Plays pretend
games
- Has longer
attention span
- Understands right
and left and
additional time
concepts
PCD
Sample Test Questions
Objective 6.02
Understand the cognitive
and moral development of
children ages three through
six.
How are the cognitive characteristics of
a three-year-old different from a sixyear-old?
Six-year-olds can solve problems; three-year-olds
can sort red and blue blocks.
B. Six-year-olds recognize about 1300 words; threeyear-olds recognize 200 words.
C. Three-year-olds can follow directions with two parts;
six-year olds cannot.
D. Three-year-olds know colors and shapes; six-yearolds do not.
Answer = A
A.
Which is an example of a preschooler
in the preoperational period?
Five-year-old Tom:
pushes a box as an imaginary truck.
B. has to have the approval of his parents.
C. does not do creative activities.
D. likes to do what others do.
Answer = A
A.
Five-year-old Davis enjoys being with his friend
Briggs, who likes to do similar things as Davis.
Which type of multiple intelligences does this
illustrate?
Interpersonal
B. Intrapersonal
C. Linguistic
D. Logical-mathematical
Answer = A
A.