Online Privacy Issues Overview
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Transcript Online Privacy Issues Overview
Ethics
Week 2 - January 23, 25
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
1
Why study ethics?
Ethical analysis can provide a structured
way to evaluate an issue and choose a
course of action
Ethical analysis can help illuminate multiple
sides of an issue
Ethical analysis can help produce
persuasive arguments
In your personal and professional life you
will confront difficult decisions
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
2
Quinn 2, Scenario 4
You are the senior software engineer at start-up
developing software for handheld computers to
help nurses keep track of patients
Sales force has promised product by next week
Product still contains many minor bugs
No major bugs have been found, but QA
recommends another month of testing
A competitor plans to release a similar product in
a few weeks
If your product is not first to market your start-up
will probably go out of business
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
3
Scenario 4
Should you recommend release of the product
next week?
Who will benefit if the company follows your
recommendation?
Who will be harmed if the company follows your
recommendation?
Do you have an obligation to any group of people
that may be affected by your decision?
Do any of your answers change if the target
users were not medical, but, say, the
entertainment or retail industry?
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
4
Subjective Relativism
Relativism
• No universal norms of right and wrong
• One person can say “X is right,” another can
say “X is wrong,” and both can be right
Subjective relativism
• Each person decides right and wrong for
himself or herself
• “What’s right for you may not be right for me”
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
5
Subjective relativism evaluation of spam
Spammers say spam is good
• Spam brings advertisements to the attention of
some people who want to buy their products
• Spammers make money
• Purchasers are happy to buy their products
• Claim: “Direct mail” via email is a means to
“level the playing field”
Most spam recipients and ISPs say spam is
bad
• Spam wastes time and computer resources,
congests networks, slows processing of nonspam email
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
6
Case for Subjective Relativism
Well-meaning and intelligent people
disagree on moral issues
Ethical debates are disagreeable and
pointless
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
7
Case Against Subjective Relativism
Blurs distinction between doing what you
think is right and doing what you want to do
Makes no moral distinction between the
actions of different people
SR and tolerance are two different things
Decisions may not be based on reason
Not a workable ethical theory
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
8
Cultural Relativism
What is “right” and “wrong” depends upon a
society’s actual moral guidelines
These guidelines vary from place to place
and from time to time
A particular action may be right in one
society at one time and wrong in other
society or at another time
• International issues may especially dominate,
e.g., copying HIV drugs (“generics”)
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
9
Case for Cultural Relativism
Different social contexts demand different
moral guidelines
It is arrogant for one society to judge
another
Morality is reflected in actual behavior
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
10
Case Against Cultural Relativism
Because two societies do have different moral
views doesn’t mean they ought to have different
views
• Location and time both affect societal norms
Doesn’t explain how moral guidelines are
determined
Doesn’t explain how guidelines evolve
Provides no way out for cultures in conflict
Societies do, in fact, share certain core values
Only indirectly based on reason
Not a workable ethical theory
Source: Adapted from Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
11
Divine Command Theory
Good actions: those aligned with God’s will
Bad actions: those contrary to God’s will
Holy books reveal God’s will
We should holy books as moral decisionmaking guides
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
12
Case for Divine Command Theory
We owe obedience to our Creator
God is all-good and all-knowing
God is the ultimate authority
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
13
Case Against Divine Command Theory
Different holy books disagree
Society is multicultural, secular
Some moral problems not addressed in
scripture
• Issues of interpretation abound
“The good” ≠ “God”
Based on obedience, not reason
Not a workable theory
Source: Adapted from Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
14
Kantianism
Good will: the desire to do the right thing
Immanuel Kant: Only thing in the world
good without qualification is good will
Reason should cultivate desire to do right
thing.
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
15
Categorical Imperative (1st Formulation)
Act only from moral rules that you can at the
same time will to be universal moral laws
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
16
Illustration of 1st Formulation
Question: Can a person in dire straits make a
promise with the intention of breaking it later?
Proposed rule: “I may make promises with the
intention of later breaking them”
The person in trouble wants his promise to be
believed so he can get what he needs
Universalize rule: Everyone may make & break
promises
Everyone breaking promises would make promises
unbelievable, contradicting desire to have promise
believed
The rule is flawed; the answer is “No”
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
17
Categorical Imperative (2nd Formulation)
Act so that you treat both yourself
and other people as ends in themselves
and never only as a means to an end.
This is usually an easier formulation to work
with than the first formulation of the
Categorical Imperative.
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
18
Kantian evaluation of spam (1st formulation)
Proposed rule:
• I can send advertisements to as many email addresses as I want
Spammers want people to read their email and buy their products
Universalize rule:
• Everyone can send advertisements to as many email addresses as they
want
Consequence
• If everyone sent advertisements to as many email addresses as they
wanted to, email would be so clogged with spam that it would no longer
be useful and people would stop using it
The rule is flawed -> spamming is not ethical
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
19
Kantian evaluation of spam (2nd formulation)
Spammers send ads for a product to many
people, knowing only small number will be
interested
Most message recipients will waste time and
money
Spammers do not respect recipients’ time or
money, and are only interested in using spam
recipients to make a profit
Thus spammers treat recipients as means to an
end
Conclusion: Spamming is wrong
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
20
Case for Kantianism
Rational
Produces universal moral guidelines
Treats all persons as moral equals
Workable ethical theory
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
21
Case Against Kantianism
Sometimes no rule adequately
characterizes an action
• Finding the right formulation can be difficult
There is no way to resolve a conflict
between rules
Kantianism allows no exceptions to moral
laws
Source: Adapted from Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
22
Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
An action is good if it benefits someone
An action is bad if it harms someone
Utility: tendency of an object to produce
happiness or prevent unhappiness for an
individual or a community
Happiness = advantage = benefit = good =
pleasure
Unhappiness = disadvantage = cost = evil = pain
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
23
Principle of Utility
(Greatest Happiness Principle)
An action is right (or wrong) to the extent
that it increases (or decreases) the
total happiness of the affected parties
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
24
Act Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism
• Morality of an action has nothing to do with
intent
• Focuses on the consequences
• A consequentialist theory
Act utilitarianism
• Add up change in happiness of all affected
beings
• Sum > 0, action is good
• Sum < 0, action is bad
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
25
Bentham: Weighing Pleasure/Pain
Intensity
Duration
Certainty
Propinquity (proximity)
Fecundity
Purity
Extent
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
26
Highway Routing Scenario
State may replace a curvy stretch of
highway
New highway segment 1 mile shorter
150 houses would have to be removed
Some wildlife habitat would be destroyed
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
27
Evaluation
Costs
• $20 million to compensate homeowners
• $10 million to construct new highway
• Lost wildlife habitat worth $1 million
Benefits
• $39 million savings in automobile driving costs
Conclusion
• Benefits exceed costs
• Building highway a good action
Subtlety: not just to whom but when costs (benefits) accrue
Source: Adapted from Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
28
Act utilitarian evaluation of spam
Spam sent to 100 million people
1 in 10,000 buy product
90% of people who buy product are happy with it,
other 10% feel ripped off
People who don’t buy product waste time and
money, get annoyed, etc. - unhappy
Spammer makes lots of money and is VERY
happy
9001 happy people, 99,990,000 unhappy people
Conclusion: 99.991% of people are unhappy, so
spam is wrong
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
29
Case for Act Utilitarianism
Focuses on happiness
Down-to-earth (practical)
Comprehensive
Workable ethical theory
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
30
Case Against Act Utilitarianism
Unclear whom to include in calculations
Too much work
Ignores our innate sense of duty
Susceptible to the problem of moral luck
Sometimes actions do not have
intended consequences - Moral
worth of action is dependent on
consequences that may not be under
control of moral agent
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
31
Rule Utilitarianism
We ought to adopt moral rules which, if
followed by everyone, will lead to the
greatest increase in total happiness
Act utilitarianism applies Principle of Utility
to individual actions
Rule utilitarianism applies Principle of Utility
to moral rules
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
32
Anti-Worm Scenario
August 2003: Blaster worm infected
thousands of Windows computers
Soon after, Nachi worm appeared
• Took control of vulnerable computer
• Located and destroyed copies of Blaster
• Downloaded software patch to fix security
problem
• Used computer as launching pad to try to
“infect” other vulnerable PCs
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
33
Evaluation using Rule Utilitarianism
Proposed rule: If I can write a helpful worm that removes a
harmful worm from infected computers and shields them from
future attacks, I should do so
Who would benefit
• People who do not keep their systems updated
Who would be harmed
• People who use networks
• People who’s computers are invaded by buggy anti-worms
• System administrators
Conclusion: Harm outweighs benefits. Releasing anti-worm is
wrong
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
34
Case for Rule Utilitarianism
Compared to act utilitarianism, it is easier
to perform the utilitarian calculus.
Not every moral decision requires
performing utilitarian calculus.
Moral rules survive exceptional situations
Avoids the problem of moral luck
Workable ethical theory
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
35
Case Against Utilitarianism in General
All consequences must be measured on a
single scale
Utilitarianism ignores the problem of an
unjust distribution of good consequences.
• Utilitarianism does not mean “the greatest
good of the greatest number”
• That requires a principle of justice
• What happens when a conflict arises between
the Principle of Utility and a principle of justice?
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
36
Principle of Utility
(Greatest Happiness Principle)
An action is right (or wrong) to the extent
that it increases (or decreases) the
total happiness of the affected parties ??
We’ll deal with these issues later in economics, which is
a mechanism for dealing with tradeoffs
Source: Adapted from Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
37
Social Contract Theory
Thomas Hobbes
• “State of nature”
• We implicitly accept a social contract
Establishment of moral rules to govern relations
among citizens
Government capable of enforcing these rules
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• In ideal society, no one above rules
• That prevents society from enacting bad rules
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
38
James Rachels’ Definition
“Morality consists in the set of rules,
governing how people are to
treat one another, that rational
people will agree to accept, for their
mutual benefit, on the condition that
others follow those rules as well”
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
39
People act out of self-interest w/out agreement
Morality is the result of an implicit
agreement among rational beings who
understand that there is a tension between
self-interest and the common good
The common good is best realized when
everyone cooperates
Cooperation occurs when those acting
selfishly suffer negative consequences
Examples: Recycling, energy conservation
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
40
Kinds of Rights
Negative right: A right that another can
guarantee by leaving you alone
Positive right: A right obligating others to do
something on your behalf
Absolute right: A right guaranteed without
exception
Limited right: A right that may be restricted
based on the circumstances
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
41
John Rawls’s Principles of Justice
Each person may claim a “fully adequate”
number of basic rights and liberties, so long
as these claims are consistent with
everyone else having a claim to the same
rights and liberties
Any social and economic inequalities must
• Be associated with positions that everyone has
a fair and equal opportunity to achieve
• Be to the greatest benefit of the leastadvantaged members of society (the difference
principle)
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
42
Social contract theory evaluation of spam
Everyone has right to free speech
• You can send email to anyone you want
• No requirement that people listen to your speech
• People can send you angry replies if they don’t like your email
If 99,990,000 people are unhappy with a spam message,
they should be able to send an angry reply to the
spammer, which should have cost to spammer
But spammers forge headers so they do not get angry
replies
This violates social contract, thus spamming is wrong
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
43
Case for Social Contract Theory
Framed in language of rights
Explains why people act in self-interest
without common agreement
Provides clear analysis of certain
citizen/government problems
Workable ethical theory
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
44
Case Against Social Contract Theory
No one signed contract
Some actions have multiple
characterizations
Conflicting rights problem
May unjustly treat people who cannot
uphold contract
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
45
Objectivism vs. Relativism
Objectivism: Morality has an existence
outside the human mind
Relativism: Morality is a human invention
Kantianism, utilitarianism, and social
contract theory examples of objectivism
Source: Slides for Chapter 2 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
46
Mail Abuse Prevention System
MAPS is a not-for-profit organization
Contacts marketers who violate MAPS standards for
bulk email
Puts marketers who violate standards on a Realtime
Blackhole List (RBL)
Some mail relays refer to RBL list
• Looks up email host name on RBL list
• If name on list, the email gets bounced back
All email from blacklisted hosts gets bounced, even
email from non-spammers
Source: Slides for Chapter 3 of Ethics for the Information Age by Michael J. Quinn. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
47
Was the creation of the RBL ethical?
Utilitarian evaluation:
• ISP using RBL benefits by getting better network performance, fewer
angry users
• But their users are unable to receive email from innocent users of
blacklisted ISPs, reducing their utility
• Innocent users of blacklisted ISPs unable to communicate with ISPs that
user RBL
• Conclusion depends on magnitude of benefit and ratio of blacklisted
innocent users to total email users
Kantian evaluation:
• MAPS puts ISPs on RBL with goal of getting innocent users to complain
and pressure ISP to drop spammers
• Innocent users are treated as means to an end
• This violates Categorical imperative -> RBL is unethical
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
48
Research and Communication Skills
Finding info with search engines
General purpose search engines
• Google, Yahoo, Altavista, A9, etc.
Clustered searching
• Vivisimo, Dogpile
Search CS research literature
•
•
•
•
http://portal.acm.org
http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
http://scholar.google.com/
When you find a useful
paper, look at its
reference list for other
possibly relevant sources,
also use “cited by”
features in search engines
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
49
Research and Communication Skills
Advanced searching
Boolean searching
•
•
•
•
•
Operators: AND, OR, NOT, NEAR
Implied operators: AND is often implied
Parentheses for grouping
Wildcards
Quotes
Getting to know the ins and outs of your favorite
search engines
• Many search engines do not use pure boolean
searching
• Most search engines have some special syntax
• Search engines use different algorithms to determine
best match
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
50
Research and Communication Skills
Advanced Googling
See
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/G
oogle.html
Ranks results using PageRank algorithm, taking into
account popularity, importance, word proximity
Special syntax
•
•
•
•
intitle, inurl, site, intext, filetype, daterange, numrange
Boolean operators: OR, Fuzzy searching: ~, .., *
Exact phrases: “”
10-term limit
Special searches
Definitions (define), calculator, area codes, flight
searches, and more
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
51
CMU’s Library Resources
Indices and Catalogs
• Articles – ArticleFirst, WebOfScience,
EICompendex, etc.
• Books – WorldCat, domain specific databases
Full text resources
• Reference shelf
• Statistical
InterLibrary Loan (ILL)
Hoovers (financial and corporate)
Lexis-Nexis (news and legal)
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
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Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
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Applyyourself.com incident
In March 2005, someone posted a message to the Business Week
Online message board that explained how a student who had applied
to a business school using the application form at applyyourself.com
could login to the site and find out early whether or not they had been
admitted
• Procedure involved logging in using the student’s own username and
password and then appending a special string to the end of a URL to
view a page that had been posted but had not yet been linked in
Dozens of students who had applied to several top business schools
followed this advice
• Some were able to find out whether they had been admitted, others saw
only a blank screen
• Students viewed early information that they would later have been
authorized to see
The press reported that the students had “hacked” into
applyyourself.com
Most of the business schools decided to reject all the students who
tried this
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Applyyourself.com continued
It is generally agreed that:
• The students did not break any laws
• What the students did was not really hacking
and did not require much technical expertise
But, was it unethical? Did they deserve to
be punished?
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
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Class debate #1
Software piracy is ethical in third world
countries.
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Research and Communication Skills
Creating a bibliography and citing sources
Do you know how to create a properly
formatted bibliography?
Why is a list of URLs not a proper
bibliography?
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Research and Communication Skills
Importance of Proper Referencing
Intellectual Property issues
Intellectual honesty
Substantiation
• Is this your opinion, well-accepted fact, or somewhere
in between?
Clarity for the reader
• Assumptions
• Methodology
Disclosure of bias (implicit/explicit)
• Who funded the work (or institution)?
• Context matters
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Research and Communication Skills
Citing sources
Whenever you take words, images, or ideas from another source you
need to cite that source
• Direct quotes and paraphrases
• Images,photographs, tables, graphs
• Ideas, measurements, computations
Also use citations as evidence to back up assertions
If you use somebody else’s words, you must quote them
• Short excerpts appear in quotes
• Long excerpts (3 or more lines) are introduced and then appear as
indented text, often in a smaller font, single spaced
• If you leave out words in the middle use …
• If you leave out words at the end use ….
• If you substitute or add words, put them in square brackets []
• If you add italics say [emphasis added]
Failure to cite sources = plagiarism
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
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Research and Communication Skills
Paraphrasing
Usually paraphrasing ideas is preferable to quoting unless
•
•
•
•
Exact wording is important
You are quoting famous words
You are critiquing or comparing specific words rather than ideas
The original words say what you want to say very well and
succinctly
Usually paraphrasing lets you convey an idea more
succinctly because you can focus on the part of the idea
most relevant to your paper
If you end up using some of the original words in your
paraphrase, use quotes around those words
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Research and Communication Skills
Forms of citation
Full bibliographic citation inline
• Typically used on a slide
Footnote or endnote
• Used in legal writing, many books, some
conferences and journals
Inline short citation with bibliography,
references cited section, or reference list
• Used by most technical conferences and
journals, some books, most dissertations
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
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Research and Communication Skills
Citations in text
Format depends on style you are using
• Usually a number or author and date, sometimes a page number
reference too
Citation usually goes at the end of the sentence
• Privacy is not “absolute,” (Westin 1967).
• Privacy is not “absolute,” [3].
If Author is mentioned, in sentence, name does not
appear in citation
• Westin (1967, p. 7) claims that individuals must balance a desire
for privacy with a desire to participate in society.
Multiple citations can appear together
• [3, 4, 5]
• (Westin 1967; Cranor 2002)
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
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Research and Communication Skills
Footnotes
Used heavily in legal writing
Usually used sparingly in technical writing
Each footnote appears only once
If you reference the same source multiple
times you must repeat the reference
information, however you can abbreviate it
on second and subsequent references and
use ibid to indicate same as previous
reference
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
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Research and Communication Skills
Creating a bibliography
Similar rules apply to other forms of citation (footnotes,
etc.)
Pick an appropriate style and use it consistently
throughout your paper
• Most conferences and journals have style requirements
• Popular styles: Chicago/Turabian, MLA, APA, APSA
Complete bibliographic entry includes author, title, date,
publisher, place of publication, pages, volume number,
etc.
Bibliographic entries should be ordered - usually either
alphabetically or in order referenced in the text
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
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Research and Communication Skills
Chicago/Turabian reference-list
This is the format documented in The Chicago Manual of
Style and Kate Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Term
Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
Summarized many places online, including
http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocChi_WC_artic
le.html
Turabian lists four formats for each type of citation - in
this class use the parenthetical reference (PR) for the
short citation in the text and the reference-list (RL) for
the full citation in the reference list at the end of your
paper
Note that underline and italics are interchangeable back in the days of typewriters most people underlined,
but now that we are all using computers with printers that
can italicize, you should italicize instead
Reference list should be alphebatized
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
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Research and Communication Skills
Chicago/Turabian PR and RL example
Students who take computers and society are
required to read Ethics for the Information Age
(Quinn 2006). For the second homework
assignment, they must also read a paper by
Munro and Meeks (1997).
Reference List
Munro, Neil, and Brock N. Meeks. 1997. Debating (What
Once Was) the CDA. Communications of the ACM,
September, 25-28.
Quinn, Michael J. 2006. Ethics for the Information Age.
Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley.
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
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Research and Communication Skills
ACM reference style
For journal:
ABDELBAR, A.M., AND HEDETNIEMI, S.M. 1998. Approximating MAPs
for belief networks in NP-hard and other theorems. Artificial
Intelligence 102, 21-38.
For book:
GINSBERG, M. 1987. Readings in Nonmonotonic Reasoning. Morgan
Kaufmann, Los Altos, CA.
For article in a book of collection:
GREINER, R. 1999. Explanation-based learning. In The Encyclopedia of
Cognitive Science, R. WILSON AND F. KEIL, Eds. MIT Press,
Cambridge, MA, 301-303.
For Conference Proceedings:
MAREK, W., AND TRUSZCZYNSKI, M. 1989. Relating autoepistemic
and default logics. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference
on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Toronto,
Canada, May 1989, H. BRACHMAN AND R. REITER, Eds. Morgan
Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 276-288.
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Research and Communication Skills
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Research and Communication Skills
Word processing tools
Microsoft Word
• Word has built in support for footnotes and
endnotes
• Use cross reference feature for numbered
reference lists
• Third party bibliographic add-ons may be
useful
LaTeX
• Built in support for footnotes and endnotes
• Use Bibtex!
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
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Research and Communication Skills
ACM templates and style files
ACM has templates and style files for LaTeX and
MS Word
ACM Journal style:
• http://www.acm.org/pubs/submissions/submission.htm
• Author names in small caps
• Author/date style [Cranor 2007]
ACM Proceedings style:
• http://www.acm.org/sigs/pubs/proceed/template.html
• Author/date or numbered style
ACM DL provides properly formatted references!
Computers and Society • Carnegie Mellon University • Spring 2007 • Cranor/Tongia • http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsoc-sp07/
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HW1 discussion
http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/compsocsp07/hw1.html
Interactions with computers
• List
• Most significant changes if interactions took
place without computers
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