Transcript Compost - US Composting Council

EMERGING PESTS IDENTIFIED BY CALRECYCLE
Asian Citrus Psyllid: pest that transmits “huanglongbing“ bacterial disease (HLB)
Aphid-like , feeds on leaves and stems
HLB is most devastating citrus disease in the world
Infected trees produce inedible fruit and eventually die. There is no cure.
HLB has devastated much of Asia, India, Middle East, South and Central America
Detected in the southeast and in California in 2012
California has a $1.8 billion citrus industry
HLB has cost Florida $7 billion over the last five years
EMERGING PESTS IDENTIFIED BY CALRECYCLE
“European Grapevine Moth is found in southern Asia, Europe, North Africa, Anatolia, Caucasus
and South America. The pest primarily damages grapes, but has also feeds on various crops
and plants.
Light Brown Apple Moth is an insect native to Australia. It is a pest of concern because it feeds on
agricultural produce and damages a wide variety of plants (more than 2,000 species). Some
of the plants it affects are roses, chrysanthemums, jasmine, and clover, as well as
eucalyptus, poplar, and pine trees.
Sudden Oak Death is a disease that has caused the death of large numbers of oaks and tanoaks,
mostly in the coastal counties of California. In recent years, the cause was identified as a new
plant pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum. Many species of nursery stock are now known to be
susceptible to Phytophthora ramorum.
Lerp Psyllid has severely impacted the red gum eucalyptus. Vast numbers of eucalyptus trees died
in Southern California because of heavy infestations of these small, sucking insects.
Especially hard hit by the lerp psyllid are red gum trees in Los Angeles County and counties
on the southern coast of California.
Bark Beetle infestations, coupled with California's recent multi-year drought exacerbated the fire
risk because of abnormally high tree deaths in Southern California's regional forests. This
insect has plagued more than 500,000 acres in Southern California's regional forests. Bark
beetle infestations in Northern California also are of concern because of the associated fire
risk, but these infestations involve significantly less acreage.”
Calrecycle 2012
BACKGROUND
CalRecycle directed to increase landfill diversion
rates to 75% by 2020
New environmental regs applied to compost but
not to chip & grind (G&G) material
Air (VOCs, ammonia)
Water (nitrate)
Cost of compost likely to significantly increase
compared to C&G
BACKGROUND
C&G may not be enough to eliminate pests
reliably
Under California regs (Title 40)
Compost MUST reach 55°C for AT LEAST 3 days
C&G can NEVER reach 55°C and must be
removed within 3 days of delivery
APPROACH
Consider WORST case for pest survival
Insects
Weeds
Viruses
Fungi
TREATMENTS
Size Reduction
No Reduction
Chipping
Grinding
Temperature
25°C
55°C
• Environment
– Isolated
– Compost
• Time
– 0 days
– 3 days
CITRUS SAMPLES
NUTSEDGE
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Intact
Ground
Chipped
CLOVER
25
20
15
10
Intact
Ground
5
0
Chipped
TOMATO
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Intact
Ground
Chipped
0.2
0
4
BERMUDAGRASS
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Intact
Ground
Chipped
P
ACP ADULT
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
Intact
3
Ground
2
Chipped
1
0
CITRUS LEAFMINER
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Intact
Ground
Chipped
TMV
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Day 0
Day 3
FUSARIUM
8
COunt (of 10, Day 0; of 20 Day 3
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Intact
Ground
Chipped
FUSARIUM
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Day 0
Day 3
CONCLUSIONS
There is evidence that concern is warranted
More research is needed into
Different pests
Field conditions
Epidemiology
Economics