Transcript Reproduction

按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
•
•
•
•
•
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
第二層
第三層
第四層
第五層
1
Reproduction
20.1
What is reproduction?
20.2
Types of asexual reproduction
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
20.3
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• 第二層
20.4
What happens to the floral parts after
fertilization?
• 第三層
20.5
The germination of a dicotyledonous seed
• 第四層
20.6
Sexual reproduction in humans
• 第五層
20.7 The development of the human embryo
20.8
Birth control and contraception
2
Reproduction
20.1 What is reproduction?
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
•
•
•
•
•
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• the process of producing offspring
第二層
• necessary for the continuation of
第三層
a species
第四層
第五層
3
Reproduction
20.1 What is reproduction?
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• 第二層
Asexual
Sexual
•
第三層
• usually involves 2 parents
• involves one parent
• involves
no gamete (sex • involves gametes
• 第四層
• involves fertilization
cell)
• 第五層
– fusion of the nuclei of male &
• offspring
are genetically
identical to the parents
female gametes  zygote
• offspring are genetically different
from each of their parents
4
Reproduction
20.2 Types of asexual reproduction
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
There are four main types of asexual reproduction.
• 第二層
• 第三層
Binary
Spore
Vegetative
Budding
•
第四層
fission
formation
propagation
• 第五層
5
Reproduction
Budding
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Binary
Binary
fission
fission
Spore
formation
Vegetative
propagation
• division
of unicellular organisms into equal halves
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
e.g.
Amoeba
• 第二層
• 第三層
• 第四層
• 第五層
6
Reproduction
Budding
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Binary
fission
Spore
formation
Vegetative
propagation
nucleus divides equally
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
nucleus
Amoeba
into two by mitosis
rounds
up
• 第二層
• 第三層
• 第四層
a•fully
第五層
grown
cytoplasm
constricts
Amoeba
two daughter
Amoebae are
formed
Reproduction
7
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
•
•
•
•
•
Carry out Practical 20.1
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
第二層
Observation
of binary fission
第三層
of Amoebae
第四層
第五層
8
Reproduction
Budding
Budding
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Binary
fission
Spore
formation
Vegetative
propagation
• production
of buds on parent’s surface, which
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
grow to new individuals
• 第二層
• occurs in some simple organisms
• 第三層
e.g.
yeast
• 第四層
• 第五層
9
Reproduction
Budding
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Binary
fission
Spore
formation
Vegetative
propagation
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
a nucleus
moves into
a
bud
is
• 第二層
the bud
formed
nucleus
• 第三層
vacuole
• 第四層
• 第五層
a yeast cell
Reproduction
nucleus
divides
into two
a nucleus
remains in the
parent cell
10
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
•
•
•
•
•
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
the new cell breaks
第二層
off from the
parent cell
第三層
第四層
第五層
a new cell is formed
from the bud before
the bud breaks off
from the parent cell
11
Reproduction
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
Carry out Practical 20.2
• 第二層
Observation
of budding of yeast
• 第三層
• 第四層
• 第五層
12
Reproduction
Budding
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Binary
fission
Spore
formation
formation
Vegetative
propagation
• production
of spores which develop into new
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
individuals under favourable conditions
• 第二層
• spores produced in large numbers to increase the
• 第三層
chance
of reproduction
• 第四層
• occurs
in fungi
e.g.
Mucor, Rhizopus
• 第五層
How spores are formed
and develop into a new
individual in Mucor
13
Reproduction
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Carry out Practical 20.3
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
•Examination
第二層
of mycelium with
• 第三層
sporangia
and spores in Mucor
• 第四層
or Rhizopus
• 第五層
14
Reproduction
Budding
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Binary
fission
Spore
formation
Vegetative
Vegetative
propagation
propagation
•
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• development of new plants from food storage organs
• 第二層
• occurs
in flowering plants
e.g.
potato, onion, ginger, Gladiolus
• 第三層
• 第四層
• 第五層
15
Reproduction
Budding
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Binary
fission
Spore
formation
Vegetative
propagation
storage
aerial
bud
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
organ
parts
•
•
•
•
第二層
第三層
第四層
第五層
1 When conditions become
unfavourable such as
winter, the aerial parts of
the plant die and the
storage organ stops
growing underground.
It survives through bad
conditions for growth.
16
Reproduction
Budding
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Binary
fission
•
•
•
•
•
Spore
formation
Vegetative
propagation
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
2 When conditions are suitable
第二層
for growth, a new plant
develops from a bud.
第三層
The storage organ
第四層
provides food for the
第五層
development of the new
plant.
17
Reproduction
Budding
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Binary
fission
Spore
formation
Vegetative
propagation
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
3 Adventitious
• 第二層
roots
are
formed.
They
• 第三層
absorb water
• 第四層
and minerals.
• 第五層
The
shoot
grows up and
develops leaves.
aerial
shoot
adventitious
roots
18
Reproduction
Budding
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Binary
fission
Spore
formation
Vegetative
propagation
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• 第二層
• 第三層
leaf
• 第四層
4 The
storage organ
dries
up as food is
• 第五層
used up for growth.
19
Reproduction
Budding
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Binary
fission
Spore
formation
Vegetative
propagation
new storage
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
5 The
plant can now survive on
organ
its• own
by food made from
第二層
photosynthesis. Some
• 第三層
food
made from
• 第四層
photosynthesis
is
passed
to a new
• 第五層
storage organ.
previous
storage
organ
20
Reproduction
Budding
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Binary
fission
Spore
formation
Vegetative
propagation
Examples
of storage organs
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• 第二層
Tuber
Bulb
Rhizome
Corm
• 第三層 •
• swollen
underground
• 第四層
stem
• 第五層
e.g. potato
tuber
• horizontally
• short swollen
short
growing
underground
underground
underground
stem
stem with
stem
layers of
e.g. Gladiolus
fleshy ‘scale
e.g. ginger
corm
leaves’
rhizome
e.g. onion bulb
21
Reproduction
Budding
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Binary
fission
Spore
formation
Vegetative
propagation
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
Vegetative propagation of a potato plant
Tuber
• 第二層
In winter
• 第三層
• 第四層
• 第五層
1 The aerial shoots die but the
new tubers remain dormant.
Reproduction
In spring
2 Each bud can produce a
new independent plant.
22
shoot
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
In summer
tuber formed by
last year’s plant
•
•
•
•
•
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
old tuber
第二層
new tubers
第三層
第四層
adventitious roots
第五層
3 The buds use the food stored
in the tuber to produce
adventitious roots and shoots.
eye (a bud)
4 Excess food made
in the leaves is sent
to the underground
shoots and stored.
23
Reproduction
Budding
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Binary
fission
Spore
formation
Vegetative
propagation
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
Growth of an onion bulb
Bulb
•
•
•
•
第二層
第三層
fleshy leaf
第四層
第五層bud
scale leaf
1 The bud remains dormant.
Reproduction
24
new flower stalk
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
•
•
•
•
•
leaf
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
fleshy leaf
第二層
第三層
new bulb
第四層
第五層
2 After dormancy, the bud develops.
The fleshy leaves provide food for
the development of the shoot.
They become dry scale leaves after
their food storage has been used up.
Reproduction
3 The leaves make and
provide food for the
growth of a new bud.
25
Budding
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Binary
fission
Spore
formation
Vegetative
propagation
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
Rhizome
Growth of a ginger rhizome
In spring
• 第二層
aerial
shoot
lateral bud grows to
• 第三層
form underground
branches
• 第四層
• 第五層
leaf
lateral bud grows
into daughter
rhizome
lateral bud
behind the leaves 2 The food produced from
1 Food passes upwards
from the older parts to
the growing regions.
Reproduction
In summer
photosynthesis passes
downwards to the
underground parts.
26
Budding
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Binary
fission
Spore
formation
Vegetative
propagation
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
Growth of a Gladiolus corm
Corm
•
•
•
•
第二層
第三層bud
第四層
remains of last
第五層
year’s corm
Reproduction
In spring
scale leaf
1 Food stored in the swollen stem is passed
upwards to the bud for its growth.
27
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
aerial shoot
leaf
•
•
•
•
•
new corm
new corm
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
old corm
第二層
第三層
第四層
第五層
2 When the leaves are
well developed, the food
they made is passed
down to the new corm.
3 A new corm is
developed over
the old one each
year.
28
Reproduction
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Carry out Practical 20.4
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
•Examination
第二層
of a potato tuber
• 第三層
and
its growth by cultivation to
• 第四層 form new plants
• 第五層
29
Reproduction
Budding
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Binary
fission
Spore
formation
Vegetative
propagation
Artificial
vegetative propagation
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• vegetative
• 第二層propagation
done artificially
•
第三層
• can produce desired
• 第四層
varieties
quickly
• method:
taking of ‘cuttings’
• 第五層
e.g. Coleus (stem),
African violet (leaves)
30
Reproduction
Budding
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Binary
fission
Spore
formation
Vegetative
propagation
Disadvantages
•Advantages
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
Overcrowding can occur which
A relatively
quick
way
to
• 第二層
causes competition for resources
produce new plants
•
第三層
Disease of the parent plants can
Good characters of the
parent
are passed to the easily be transmitted to the offspring
• 第四層
offspring
Offspring have no new features to
• 第五層
adapt to any changes in
No external factors or
other plants are needed
for reproduction
environmental conditions
Undesirable characters are passed
on to the offspring
31
Reproduction
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
•
•
•
•
•
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
Carry out Practical 20.5
第二層
Propagation
by
stem
cuttings
第三層
of
Coleus
第四層
第五層
32
Reproduction
20.3 Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
• flowering plants reproduce sexually by producing
flowers
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式anther
stamen
stigma
filament
• 第二層
style
carpel
petal
• 第三層
ovary
nectary
ovule
• 第四層
receptacle
sepal
• 第五層
• sepals, petals,
flower stalk
stamens and carpels
are attached to this
• attaches flower
to the main stem
Structure of a flower
33
Reproduction
Structure of a flower
sepal
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Sepals
• make up the outermost
•ring
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
(calyx) of a flower
第二層
• •protect
the inner parts of
flower when it is a
•the第三層
bud
• 第四層
• 第五層
34
Reproduction
Structure of a flower
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Petals
petal
• make up the second
•ring
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
(corolla) of a flower
第二層
• •may
be brightly-coloured
attract insects
•to第三層
• nectaries may be present at
• 第四層
the base to produce nectar
•which
第五層
attracts insects
• may have insect guides to lead
insects towards the nectaries
insect guide
35
Reproduction
Structure of a flower
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Stamens
• male reproductive organs
consists of 2-4 pollen
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• filament
anther
sacs inside which pollen
• 第二層
grains are formed
supports
•anther
第三層
• 第四層
pollen sacs
anther
when anthers ripen
split open to
• 第五層
release pollens
pollen
sacs
which contain
male gametes
filament
36
Reproduction
Structure of a flower
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
stigma style
Carpels
• the centre of a flower
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• include all female
•reproductive
第二層 parts
第三層
• •each
consists of
stigma (receives pollen
•– 第四層
grains)
• 第五層
– style (carries the stigma)
– ovary (with ovules inside)
37
Reproduction
Structure of a flower
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Carpels
• ovules are protected by
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
integument
which has a
ovary wall
small
hole (micropyle)
• 第二層
• ovules
contain the
• 第三層
female gametes ovule
• 第四層
• each ovule is
•
第五層
attached to the
ovary wall by a
stalk
stigma
style
integuments
female
gamete
ovary
micropyle
Structure of a carpel
38
Reproduction
Pollination
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
– the transfer
of pollen grains from anthers to stigmas
 fertilization of male & female gametes in ovules
•
•
•
•
•
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
cross-pollination
self-pollination
第二層
第三層
1
第四層
Pollination
2
第五層
wind-pollination
insect-pollination
39
Reproduction
Cross-pollination and self-pollination
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Cross-pollination
– pollen grains are
transferred to a
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
different plant
• 第二層
• 第三層
• 第四層
• 第五層
40
Reproduction
Cross-pollination and self-pollination
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Self-pollination
– pollen grains are transferred
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
within the same plant
•
•
•
•
第二層
第三層
第四層
第五層
41
Reproduction
Wind-pollination and insect-pollination
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Wind pollination — pollinated by wind
•
•
•
•
•
Insect
pollination — pollinated by insects
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
第二層
第三層
第四層The flowers are structurally
第五層 adapted to pollination.
Wind-pollinated flowers
Insect-pollinated flowers
42
Reproduction
Structural adaptation of wind-pollinated flowers
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
scent
nectaries
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
pollen
grain
• 第二層
• large
number
• 第三層
• smooth and dry
•
第四層
• light in weight
• 第五層
43
Reproduction
Structural adaptation of wind-pollinated flowers
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
scent
nectaries
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
pollen
grain
• 第二層
• 第三層
stigma
• large
• 第四層
• feathery
• 第五層
• projects outside
the flower for
picking up pollen
grains from air
Reproduction
44
Structural adaptation of wind-pollinated flowers
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
scent
petal
nectaries
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• small
• green or dullpollen
grain
• 第二層
coloured
• 第三層
stigma
• 第四層
• 第五層
45
Reproduction
Structural adaptation of wind-pollinated flowers
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
scent
petal
nectaries
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
pollen
grain
• 第二層
• 第三層
stigma
• 第四層
• 第五層
anther
• hangs outside the
flower, exposed to
wind
• loosely attached
to filament so that
light wind can
shake it
46
Reproduction
Structural adaptation of insect-pollinated flowers
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
scent
nectaries
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
•
•
•
•
第二層
第三層
第四層
第五層
Reproduction
pollen grains
of this flower
stick onto the
leg of the bee
pollen grain
• smaller
number
• rough and
sticky/
with hooks
• heavier 47
Structural adaptation of insect-pollinated flowers
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
scent
nectaries
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
•
•
•
•
第二層
第三層
第四層
第五層
stigma
• smaller
• sticky
• remains inside
the flower
pollen grain
48
Reproduction
Structural adaptation of insect-pollinated flowers
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
scent
nectaries
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
•
•
•
•
第二層
第三層
第四層
第五層
stigma
pollen grain
petal
• larger
• brightlycoloured
49
Reproduction
Structural adaptation of insect-pollinated flowers
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
scent
nectaries
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
anther
• 第二層
• inside the flower
• 第三層
where insects
第四層
will• brush
against
it
• 第五層
• firmly attached
to prevent from
being torn away
by insects
Reproduction
stigma
pollen grain
petal
50
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
•
•
•
•
•
Carry out Practical 20.6
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
第二層
Examination of a Bauhinia
第三層
variegata or a Cassia
第四層surattensis flower
第五層
51
Reproduction
Fertilization
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
1 Pollen grains land
on the stigma of
•the
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
same species.
•
•
•
•
第二層
第三層
第四層
第五層
style
flower stalk
sepal
The growth of pollen tube and fertilization
52
Reproduction
Fertilization
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
2 Sugary
solution at the tip
of the stigma stimulates
pollen grain to develop
•the
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
a pollen tube.
•
•
•
•
第二層
第三層
第四層
第五層
style
flower stalk
sepal
The growth of pollen tube and fertilization
53
Reproduction
Fertilization
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
3 Pollen
tube grows down the
style and eventually into the
ovary
by secreting enzymes
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
to digest tissues of the style.
• 第二層
The male gamete moves
style
• 第三層
towards
the ovule.
• 第四層
• 第五層
male
gamete
flower stalk
sepal
The growth of pollen tube and fertilization
54
Reproduction
Fertilization
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
4 After
growing into the ovary,
the tube grows through the
micropyle
of the ovule and
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
the tip of the tube bursts to
• 第二層
release
the male gamete
style
• 第三層
into
the ovule.
• 第四層
• 第五層
ovule
ovary
male
gamete
flower stalk
sepal
micropyle
The growth of pollen tube and fertilization
55
Reproduction
Fertilization
5 The按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
male gamete enters the
ovule and fuses with the
female
gamete to form a
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
zygote.
•
•
•
•
第二層
第三層
第四層
第五層
style
ovule
ovary
male
gamete
flower stalk
sepal
micropyle
The growth of pollen tube and fertilization
56
Reproduction
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Carry out Practical 20.7
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• Observation
第二層
of the growth of
• 第三層tubes in a sugary medium
pollen
• 第四層
• 第五層
57
Reproduction
20.4 What happens to the floral parts
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
after fertilization?
wither and
remains of stigma
drop
off
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
scar
and style
sepal•
stamen
第二層
petal
• 第三層
• 第四層
• 第五層
A Bauhinia flower
after fertilization
Reproduction
integument
seed
coat
ovary
wall
fruit
wall
ovule
seed
ovum
embryo
Fruit(pod) splits
open to two halves
58
Fruits and seeds
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Fruit
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
consists of
• 第二層
protects
helps
•fruit
第三層
wall
seed
plant dispersal
• 第四層
made up of
• 第五層
seed
coat
protects undeveloped provides
plant embryo food
food
store
59
Reproduction
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Carry out Practical 20.8
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
•Examination
第二層
of a seed-pod of
• 第三層
Bauhinia sp. or Cassia sp.
• 第四層
• 第五層
60
Reproduction
Fruits and seeds
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Structure
of a mung bean seed
micropyle
•
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
– a hole through which
embryo
absorbs water
• 第二層
before it germinates
• 第三層
seed coat
• 第四層
– surrounds
the embryo
and protects it from
• 第五層
damage and against
attack of microorganisms such as
bacteria and fungi External appearance
hilum
– a scar on the
surface of the
coat; formed
when the ovule
detaches from
the ovary wall
61
Reproduction
Fruits and seeds
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Structure
of a mung bean seed
plumule
•
•
•
•
•
– develops into
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
the shoot
第二層
第三層
第四層
第五層
Embryo cut opened
radicle
– develops into
the root
embryo
cotyledons
– act as food stores
– contain starch and
proteins to supply
food for the plumule
and radicle to develop
62
Reproduction
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Carry out Practical 20.9
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• 第二層
Examination
of a mung
• 第三層
• 第四層
• 第五層
bean seed
63
Reproduction
Dispersal of seeds and fruits
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Why seeds and fruits
to be dispersed to
•have
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
distances far away
• 第二層
from parents ?
• 第三層
• 第四層
• 第五層
To reduce
overcrowding and
competition for
materials.
To colonize new areas
which are suitable for
seed germination and
survival of species.
64
Reproduction
Dispersal of seeds and fruits
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Dispersal
•
•
•
•
•
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
wind
dispersal
animal
dispersal
第二層
adaptive features of fruits and seeds are
第三層
• small
• brightly-coloured
第四層
• light
• sweet, juicy and
第五層
• may have
wings/feathery
hair
good to eat
• may have hooks
65
Reproduction
20.5 The
germination
of
a
dicotyledonous
seed
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Germination
– the
process by which a seed develops into a new
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
young
plant
• 第二層
• 第三層
Let’s see how mung bean seeds
• 第四層
germinate and develop into new plants.
• 第五層
66
Reproduction
Germination of a mung bean seed
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Day 2
• seed absorbs water
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
and
swells, breaking
the
seed coat
• 第二層
• food in cotyledons is
• 第三層
made soluble and
• 第四層 to the
transported
growing
regions
• 第五層
seed coat
water
67
Reproduction
Germination of a mung bean seed
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Day 3
• radical emerges from
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
the seed coat and
• 第二層the main root
becomes
• 第三層
• root
hairs develop root hairs

increase the surface
• 第四層
area for absorbing
• 第五層
water and minerals
radical
root cap protects
the tip of the radicle
68
Reproduction
Germination of a mung bean seed
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
curved
Day 4
plumule
• plumule elongates and
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
curves
upwards

carries the cotyledons
• 第二層
above soil
plumule tip
protected by
cotyledons
• 第三層
• 第四層
• 第五層
69
Reproduction
Germination of a mung bean seed
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Day 5
• plumule straightens
•
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• cotyledons become green
• 第二層
and
photosynthesize for a
few
days
• 第三層
• 第四層
• 第五層
plumule
straightens
70
Reproduction
Germination of a mung bean seed
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Day 7
• young leaves are
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
formed
and begin to
photosynthesize
• 第二層
• cotyledons
• 第三層 fall off when
food is used up
young
leaves
cotyledons
• 第四層
• 第五層
71
Reproduction
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Carry out Practical 20.10
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• 第二層
Observation
of the germination
• 第三層
of mung bean seeds
• 第四層
• 第五層
72
Reproduction
Conditions for seed germination
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
• for aerobic respiration
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
which provides energy for
oxygen
growth
• 第二層
• 第三層
• 第四層
temperature
• 第五層
• warm temperature
ensures enzymes in
seeds work effectively
73
Reproduction
Conditions for seed germination
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
• softens the seed coat
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
 allows the radicle to emerge
• 第二層 • makes the seed swell
• 第三層  breaks the seed coat
water
• 第四層 • activates the enzymes to digest
food for embryo
• 第五層
• transports soluble food to the
growing regions
74
Reproduction
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Carry out Practical 20.11
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• 第二層
Investigation
of the conditions
• 第三層
for seed germination
• 第四層
• 第五層
75
Reproduction
20.6按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Sexual reproduction in humans
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• 第二層
• 第三層
• 第四層
The male reproductive system
The female reproductive system
• 第五層
76
Reproduction
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Carry out Practical 20.12
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
Examination of the reproductive
• 第二層
system
in
a
human
model
or
a
• 第三層
dissected
rat
• 第四層
• 第五層
77
Reproduction
Structure of human gametes
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Sperm (male)
Ovum (female)
Larger (0.1mm)
Smaller (0.05mm)
• Size
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• with large amount of
• to reduce energy
• 第二層 for movement
food for early
development of
• 第三層 • to allow faster
embryo
movement
• 第四層
Position of
In the head
Towards centre
•
第五層
nucleus
Movement
Very active,
moves by its tail
Not able to move
by itself
78
Reproduction
Structure of human gametes
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Sperm (male)
Ovum (female)
Tadpole-like, with Spherical
•Shape
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
plasma membrane
a head and a tail
• 第二層
clear membrane
head nucleus tail
• 第三層
cytoplasm
nucleus
• 第四層
0.05 mm
follicle cells
• 第五層
0.1 mm
79
Reproduction
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Carry out Practical 20.13
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• 第二層
Observation of slides of
• 第三層
mammalian
sperm cells and
• 第四層
• 第五層
ova
80
Reproduction
5 ovum is moved along
Ovulation
the
oviduct
by
beating
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
action of cilia
oviduct
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
4 follicle
• 第二層
3 mature follicle
bursts and
•
第三層
its ovum
2 developing follicle
• 第四層
comes
out
of
•funnel
第五層
oviduct
ovary
1 developing
ova enclosed
in follicle cells
The development of an ovum and ovulation
Reproduction
81
The menstrual cycle
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
the inner layer of the uterus
• the uterine
lining of a
composed of glands, blood
woman undergoes cyclic
vessels and soft tissues
changes
to prepare for a
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
possible pregnancy
• 第二層
• usually lasts for 28 days
• 第三層
• 第四層
• 第五層
begin
11 - 15
years old
Menstrual cycle
stop
until
~50
years old
(menopause)
82
Reproduction
Transfer of semen and fertilization
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
•
•
•
•
•
when sexually
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
stimulated, arterioles
第二層
dilate and erectile
tissue filled with
第三層
blood, penis
第四層
becomes hard and
erect
第五層
vas deferens testis
soft penis not
sexually
stimulated
83
Reproduction
Transfer of semen and fertilization
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
During copulation
hard and
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
erect penis
•
•
•
•
第二層
第三層
第四層
第五層
inserts into vagina
muscles of
epididymis contract
semen containing millions of
sperms is ejaculated into the vagina
84
Reproduction
Transfer of semen and fertilization
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
site of fertilization
4 sperms meet the
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
ovum
in oviduct
• 第二層
3 sperms swim
• 第三層
up
the uterus
• 第四層
2 sperms
swim
through
the cervix
• 第五層
1 sperms ejaculated
into the vagina during
copulation
Reproduction
85
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
site of fertilization
one sperm
penetrates the
egg membrane
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• 第二層
female nucleus
• 第三層
• 第四層
• 第五層
clear membrane
hardens; no other
sperms can enter
male nucleus
fuses with the
female nucleus
86
Reproduction
20.7 The development of the human embryo
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
3 zygote undergoes repeated
2 ovum fertilized
mitotic cell divisions
•
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
by a sperm in
oviduct
• 第二層
• 第三層
• 第四層
1 ovum is
• 第五層
released
from ovary
pregnancy
begins
4 embryo
implants into
the uterine wall
Stages leading to implantation
Reproduction
87
After implantation
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
uterus
mother’s blood
space
close contact
blood capillaries
of embryo
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
placenta
• 第二層
• 第三層
• temporary
embryonic villus
disc-shaped
• 第四層 umbilical
umbilical vein which grows
organ
into the uterine
cord
umbilical artery
• allows
exchange of
• 第五層
wall
materials between
embryo & mother
• connected to embryo
via umbilical cord
embryo
88
Reproduction
After implantation
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
uterus
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• 第二層
• 第三層
amniotic fluid
• 第四層
• protects embryo against
as embryo develops,
shock
•
第五層
amnion is formed
secretes amniotic fluid
Reproduction
embryo
• keeps a constant
environment
• prevents desiccation
• allows embryo to move
89
easily
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Carry out Practical 20.14
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• Examination
第二層
of a mammalian
• 第三層
foetus with placenta
• 第四層
• 第五層
90
Reproduction
How is the baby born?
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
A few weeks before birth
foetus changes its
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
position,
so that the
head
is downward
• 第二層
As birth approaches

• 第三層
• 第四層
• 第五層
uterine muscles start
to make rhythmic
contractions
 labour begins
91
Reproduction
How is the baby born?
abdominal
muscles
uterine wall
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Birth process (3 stages)
1 The dilation stage
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• cervix dilates
amnion
• 第二層
• uterine & abdominal
• 第三層
muscles
contract
• amnion
breaks
• 第四層
• amniotic
fluid
• 第五層
comes out
amnion
fluid
92
Reproduction
How is the baby born?
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Birth process (3 stages)
2 The expulsion stage
•
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• muscular
• 第二層 push
contractions
the
foetus out
• 第三層
(usually head-first)
• 第四層
• umbilical cord is tied
• 第五層
and
cut
93
Reproduction
How is the baby born?
uterus
umbilical cord
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Birth process (3 stages)
3 The placental stage
•
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• placenta is
• 第二層
pushed
out of
the
body
• 第三層
• 第四層
• 第五層
placenta
(partially
detached)
94
Reproduction
How is the baby born?
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
After birth
• baby begins to breathe a
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
navel
few seconds after being
•born
第二層
第三層cord shrivels
• •umbilical
falls away
•and
第四層
a scar (navel) is left
•
第五層
95
Reproduction
Parental care
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Importance
• ensures better
development
of the
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
babies
•
第二層
• increases the chance
• 第三層
of
survival of the young
• 第四層
starts
from suckling of the baby
• 第五層
– milk is produced by mammary glands in breasts
– milk contains antibodies which protect the babies
from pathogens
96
Reproduction
20.8 Birth control and contraception
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Recently, human
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
population
has
increased
rapidly
• 第二層
 •birth
control is needed
第三層
• 第四層
• 第五層
Birth control
• prevents unwanted pregnancy
• achieved by contraceptive methods
97
Reproduction
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Contraceptive methods
work by:
1 stopping sperms from meeting the ovum
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
2 preventing implantation of zygote
• 第二層
• 第三層
rhythm
• 第四層
contraceptive
method
pills
• 第五層
barrier
methods
surgical
methods
intra-uterine
device (IUD)
98
Reproduction
Contraceptive methods
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
rhythm
contraceptive
barrier
surgical
method
pills
methods
methods
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
intra-uterine
device (IUD)
• 第二層
• restricts
sexual intercourse until ‘safe period’
when
no ovum is present in oviducts
• 第三層
• clues
to when ovulation occurs
• 第四層
–• mucus
secretions from cervix become more fluid
第五層
– sudden rise in body temperature
• an unreliable method
99
Reproduction
Contraceptive methods
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
rhythm
contraceptive
barrier
surgical
method
pills
methods
methods
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
•
•
intra-uterine
device (IUD)
• 第二層
contain
synthetic hormones which prevent ovulation
• 第三層
may
have bad side
effects
• 第四層
• 第五層
100
Reproduction
Contraceptive methods
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
rhythm
contraceptive
barrier
surgical
method
pills
methods
methods
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
1
•
intra-uterine
device (IUD)
condoms
• 第二層and female condoms
a• sheath
第三層of thin rubber
 prevents sperms from
• 第四層
getting into vagina
• 第五層
• often
coated with spermicide
 kills sperms
101
Reproduction
Contraceptive methods
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
rhythm
contraceptive
barrier
surgical
method
pills
methods
methods
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
2
•
intra-uterine
device (IUD)
diaphragm
• 第二層
dome-shaped
disc of thin rubber with a metal
• 第三層
spring around it
• 第四層
prevents sperms from entering the uterus
• 第五層
102
Reproduction
Contraceptive methods
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
rhythm
contraceptive
barrier
surgical
method
pills
methods
methods
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
1
•
intra-uterine
device (IUD)
•vasectomy
第二層
and tying the vas
•cutting
第三層
deferens of a man
•第四層
vas deferens
sperms cannot be
on each side is
• 第五層
passed to the
cut and tied
female body
• a permanent sterilization
method
103
Reproduction
Contraceptive methods
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
rhythm
contraceptive
barrier
surgical
method
pills
methods
methods
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
intra-uterine
device (IUD)
2 •tubal
ligation
第二層
• cutting
and tying the
• 第三層
oviducts of a woman
• 第四層
 ovum and sperms
• 第五層
can no longer meet
• a permanent sterilization
method
each oviduct is
cut and tied
ovary
uterus
104
Reproduction
Contraceptive methods
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
rhythm
contraceptive
barrier
surgical
method
pills
methods
methods
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
intra-uterine
device (IUD)
• 第二層
• prevents implantation
• 第三層
• inserted into the female’s uterus by doctor
• 第四層
• 第五層
105
Reproduction
Concept diagram
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
Reproduction
•
•
•
•
•
can be
按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
第二層
第三層
asexual
sexual
reproduction
reproduction
第四層
第五層
106
Reproduction
Concept diagram
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
asexual
reproduction
can be by
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
• 第二層
binary
vegetative
•fission
第三層 budding
propagation
• 第四層
the formation of
• by第五層
stem
tuber
bulb
rhizome
corm
spore
formation
artificially
achieved by
cutting
107
Reproduction
Concept diagram
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
in mammals
sexual
in flowering
plants
reproduction
forms
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
flower
• 第二層
male
after
gamete
• 第三層
pollination
• 第四層
fusion is
and
called
• 第五層
involves
female
gamete
for
fertilization
fertilization
by
copulation
or IVF
108
Reproduction
Concept diagram
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
for
copulation
fertilization
fertilization
or IVF
produces
forms
if
• 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式
if no
fertilization
fertilization
occurs
• 第二層
occurs
fruit
zygote
• 第三層
contains
develops
menstruation
pregnancy
into
• seeds
第四層
repeats
prevented
protect
• 第五層
in
by
embryo
finally
into
new
organism
Reproduction
menstrual
cycle
contraceptive
methods
109