AP Biology Plant evolution notesx
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Transcript AP Biology Plant evolution notesx
Charophytes
Green algae closest to plants
Plant Diversity
Plant Evolution
Evolution of structures for better survival on land
Bryophytes – mosses
Seedless Vascular Plants – ferns
Gymnosperms – conifers
Angioserms – flowering plants
Bryophytes
Examples of bryophytes are mosses
No vascular tissue
Must remain moist to survive
Waxy cuticle to prevent dehydration
No lignin – they do not stand tall, but cover the
ground like a mat
Reproduction Review
Gametes – sperm (pollen) and egg
Gametes have half the chromosome number which we
call being haploid
Gametes become haploid through a process called
meiosis.
Normal body cells are called somatic cells. These are all
of the other cells of the plant EXCEPT gametes.
Somatic cells are diploid, which means they have the
total number of chromosomes.
A spore is NOT a gamete. Spores can grow into a whole
organism, gametes must fuse together to form a zygote.
Bryophyte Reproduction
In mosses, there are two parts of the body
Gametophyte – soft, green, sponge-like portion of
the moss
2. Sporophyte – stalk growing out of the gametophyte
1.
Bryophyte Life Cycle
Life cycle
Start with male and female haploid (n) gametophytes.
Antheridium contain the sperm – at the tip of the leaf
Archegonium contain the egg – at the base of the leaf
Fertilization occurs via water transport – diploid (2n)
zygote is formed and grows into a mature sporophyte
Spores undergo meiosis and are now haploid (n).
Spores fall to the ground and bud new male and female
haploid (n) gametophytes.
Ferns
Ferns
Ferns have vascular tissue – next level of adaptation
However, their sperm still swim like mosses
12,000 different species
Found in the tropics and temperate forests
Date back to 360 MYA – carboniferous period
The remains of these plants create peat and through the
years heat and pressure turn the peat into coal.
Coal is a fossil fuel used to generate much of our
electricity.
The most extensive coal beds are from the carboniferous
period.
Fern Life Cycle
Fern Reproduction
Sorus on the underside
of the leaf hold spores
Spores germinate into
haploid gametophyte
Antheridium holds the
sperm and archegonium
holds the egg.
Fertilization occurs
through water
New diploid sporophyte
begins to grow.
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms
Near the end of the Carboniferous period, the climate
became cool and dry.
Lots of ferns and mosses began to die
Gymnosperms become very successful because of seed
production
Conifers are the most diverse gymnosperms – pines,
spruces, firs, and redwoods
Thick cuticle on the leaves, stomata in pits to prevent
water loss
Reduction of gametophye, pollen in cases, and seeds are
also adaptations to life on land.
Pine Cones
Gymnosperm Reproduction
Gymnosperm Reproduction
Male pollen - microspore
undergo meiosis (n)
Megaspore mother cell is
in the pine cone and
undergoes meiosis (n)
Pollen fertilizes egg in
the archegonium
Creates embryo which is
the young sporophyte
(2n).
Sporophyte grows into
mature tree.
Coniferous Forests
190 million acres are designated national forest
Loss of forests due to grazing, lumber industry,
mining, and public recreation.
Conifers of Yosemite
Incense Cedar
Angiosperms
Flowering plants
Dominate most of the Earth
250,000 species
Wheat, corn, oats, barley
Citrus, fruit, vegetables
Cotton, flax
Cherry and walnut furniture
Vascular adaptations make it easier for angiosperms
to live on land
Flowers are why they are so successful.
Structure of a flower
A flower is composed of
four whorls
1. Sepals – green parts
that enclose the flower
before it opens
2. Petals – attractive part
of the plant that attracts
birds and bees
3. Stamen – anther and
filament
4. Carpel – stigma, style
and ovary
Angiosperm Life Cycle
Angiosperm Life cycle
Mature sporophyte (2n)
contains pollen and egg.
Pollen and egg undergo
meiosis and become haploid
(n).
Pollen is released and carried
to the stigma (sticky)
2 Pollen travels down the style
to the ovary.
Double fertilization occurs
creating a zygote and
endosperm
Endosperm is the food for the
growing diploid embryo (2n).
Fruit
Now the ovary is called
the fruit and the ovule is
called the seed.
The seed will grow into a
new mature sporophyte
(2n).
Examples of seed dispersal
Medicines derived from plants
CAM plants
Succulents – pineapple, cacti, jade plant
CAM plants open their stomata only at night to let
CO2 in and O2 out.
CO2 is packaged in a 4-Carbon compound and
released to calvin cycle during the day.
Only open the stomata at night to prevent water loss.
Jade Plant