Transcript Tundra
วิชา 104 107 Man and Environment 4 (4-0-8) ภาคการศึกษาที่ 1 ปี การศึกษา 2549 Environment of Human Population: The Biotic Environments: Flora & Fauna - Biomes of the World โดย อ.มงคล ผจงธนสฤษฏ์ วันที่ 29 มิถุนายน 2549 เวลา 15.00-17.00 น. ณ อาคารเรี ยนรวม ห้อง B3103 FLORA • รุ กขชาติในท้องถิ่น หรื อในช่วงระยะเวลาใดๆ (list of the plants of an area or period) FAUNA • บรรดาสัตว์ในท้องถิ่น ในช่วงเวลา หรื อใน สภาวะแวดล้อมพิเศษใดๆ (the animals characteristic of a region, period, or special environment) BIOME • Large ecosystem characterized by similar plant/vegetation, animal, and climate – There are various terrestrial biomes – and two aquatic (freshwater and salt-water) biomes Some of the Biomes on Earth (1) - Terrestrial • Desert – very dry, either hot or cold • Tropical Rain Forest – warm and very wet • Grassland – Windy, grass with few trees Some of the Biomes on Earth (2) - Terrestrial • Deciduous Forest – cool and rainy, with deciduous trees • Tundra – cool, treeless, and dry • Coniferous Forest (Taiga) – cool and dry, with coniferous trees Some of the Biomes on Earth (3) - Aquatic • Wetlands - many types, including swamps, marshes, bogs, fens, sloughs, etc. • Marine – benthic biomes (bottom) – coral reef (warm shallow salt-water environments) – pelagic biomes (open seas near the surface) – estuarine biomes (where rivers meet oceans) DESERT DESERT • Deserts cover about 18-20% of the Earth's land area • Insects, reptiles (especially lizards), birds and small mammals reside in the desert, many active only at night DESERT • • • • Temperature: Average of 38 OC (day), -3.9 OC (night) Precipitation: About 250 mm of rain per year Vegetation: Cacti, small bushes, short grasses Location: Between 15 O and 35 O latitude (North and South of the equator); examples are Mojave, Sonoran, Chihuahua, and Great Basin (North America); Sahara (Africa); Negev (Middle East); and Gobi (Asia) • Other: Perennials survive for several years by becoming dormant and flourishing when water is available. Annuals are referred to as ephemerals because some can complete an entire life cycle in weeks. • Example: El-Oasr el-Akhdar, Egypt นำ้ และสิ่ งมีชีวติ ในทะเลทรำย • ในทะเลทรายที่แห้งแล้งบางแห่งอาจไม่มีฝนตกเลยเป็ น ระยะเวลาหลายปี เช่น ในชิลีไม่ได้รับน้ าฝนมากกว่า 20 ปี ดังนั้นจึงไม่มีสิ่งมีชีวติ ในบริ เวณนั้น • ในทะเลทรายอื่น ๆ บางครั้งอาจพบแหล่งน้ าฝนที่ขงั อยูบ่ า้ ง บางครั้งก็เป็ นน้ าใต้ดิน ในบริ เวณนั้นจะมีสิ่งมีชีวิตหลายชนิด ที่อาศัยแหล่งน้ าพวกนี้ในการดารงชีวติ พืชทีอ่ ยู่ในทะเลทรำย • มีลาต้นอ่อนนิ่ม ฉ่ าไปด้วยน้ า มีข้ ีผ้ งึ ฉาบอยูร่ อบใบและลาต้น – ได้แก่ พวกกระบองเพชร หรื อไม้พมุ่ ผลัดใบ • ฤดูที่พืชพวกนี้เจริ ญเติบโตมีเวลาสั้น • ช่วงที่มีดอกเกิดขึ้นอย่างสวยงามคือเมื่อมีฝนตก Desert Plant Adaptations • Some flowering desert plants are ephemeral; – They live for a few days. Their seeds lie dormant in the soil, sometimes for years, until a soaking rain enables them to germinate and quickly bloom • Desert plants usually have small leaves. – This conserves water by reducing surface area from which transpiration can take place Desert Plant Adaptations • Other plants drop their leaves during the dry period • Woody desert plants either: – have long root systems that reach deep water sources or – have spreading shallow roots that are able to take up surface moisture quickly from heavy dews and occasional rains Desert Plant Adaptations • Desert plants are succulents, storing water in leaves, stems, and roots • Thorns, modified leaves, guard the water from animal invaders • These plants may take in and store carbon dioxide only at night; during the day their stomata, or pores, are closed to prevent evaporation. สั ตว์ ต่ำงๆ ในทะเลทรำย • พบในบริ เวณที่มีพืชเกิดขึ้น • ขุดรู อยูใ่ ต้ดินในตอนกลางวันและออกหากินในเวลากลางคืน – เช่น กระรอก สัตว์เลื้อยคลาน แมลง แมงมุม แมงป่ อง Desert Animal Adaptations • Amphibian species mature rapidly, mate, and lay eggs • Many birds and rodents reproduce only periods of winter rain that stimulate the growth of vegetation • Some desert rodents are extremely efficient at conserving and recycling water, their urine is highly concentrated Desert Animal Adaptations • Most desert mammals and reptiles are nocturnal, remaining in cool underground burrows or in the shade by day • Some desert reptiles can control their metabolic heat production by varying their rate of heartbeat and the rate of body metabolism TROPICAL RAIN FOREST TROPICAL RAINFORESTS • Located near the equator • Cover less than 10% of the Earth's surface, but provide a habitat for 50 to 90% of the world's plant and animal species TROPICAL RAIN FOREST • Temperature: 20 OC to 25 OC, must remain warm and frost-free • Precipitation: 2,000 to 10,000 millimeters of rain per year • Vegetation: Vines, palm trees, orchids, ferns • Location: Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn • Other: There are two types of rainforests, tropical and temperate. Tropical rainforests are found closer to the equator and temperate rainforests are found farther north near coastal areas. The majority of common houseplants come from the rainforest. • Example: Campa Pita, Belize Characteristics • Greatest diversity of species • Near the equator, within the area bounded by latitudes 23.5 degrees N and 23.5 degrees S • Distinct seasonality: winter is absent, and only two seasons are present (rainy and dry) • Daylight is 12 hours and varies little. • Characterized by rapid plant growth, thick forest canopy, and a huge diversity of animal species • A multitude of insects and other invertebrates thrive along with birds, monkey, snakes and lizard • Flora is highly diverse: one square kilometer may contain as many as 100 different tree species. – Trees are 25-35 m tall, with buttressed trunks and shallow roots, mostly evergreen, with large dark green leaves. – Plants such as orchids, bromeliads, vines, ferns, mosses, and palms are present in tropical forests. • Fauna include numerous birds, bats, small mammals, and insects. • EMERGENTS: Giant trees - houses many birds and insects. • CANOPY: The upper parts - full of life in a tropical rainforest and includes: insects, birds, reptiles, mammals, and more. • UNDERSTORY: A dark, cool environment under the leaves but over the ground. • FOREST FLOOR: Teeming with animal life, especially insects. The largest animals in the rainforest generally live here. Rain Forest Plants • Large leaves are commonly found especially where light is low and transpiration reduced due to the high humidity • Many trees have thin, smooth bark because there is little need to conserve water, while others are armed with spikes or thorns for protection. Rain Forest Plants • Some trees have large fleshy fruits to attract the birds and animals that disperse the seeds • Epiphytes (กาฝาก) are plants that root on the trees • Climbers are woody vines (เถาวัลย์) that grow high into the canopy Rain Forest Animals • • • • Many endemic species are found in rainforests Sometimes living on only one type of food plant Being active at certain times of the day Adaptations for living in the high canopy include flying, gliding, and prehensile tails Rain Forest Animals • Ground-dwelling forest mammals include large cats, such as tigers and jaguars, pigs, and many species of rodent • Bird and reptile species occur in each of the forest layers bright colouring and distinctive calls patterning • Many species have effective camouflage behaviours • The deforestation technique of slash and burn causes environmental damage: – carbon dioxide adds to the greenhouse effect – destroys animal habitats – accelerates erosion – adding to the sediment loads of rivers – making seasonal flooding much more severe GRASSLAND GRASSLAND • Large parts of grasslands are now planted with wheat, barley, and maize • Most famous animal are the large grazers and browsers of the savannah, – lion, cheetah, elephant, rhinoceros, giraffe, buffalo, zebra and numerous species of antelopes GRASSLAND • Temperature: Dependent on latitude, yearly range can be between -20 OC to 30 OC • Precipitation: About 500 to 900 mm of rain per year • Vegetation: Grasses (prairie clover, salvia, oats, wheat, barley, coneflowers) • Location: The prairies of the Great Plains of North America, the pampas of South America, the veldt of South Africa, the steppes of Central Eurasia, and surrounding the deserts in Australia • Other: Found on every continent except Antarctica • Example: Ingeniera White, Argentina สิ่ งมีชีวติ ในชุมชนทีเ่ ป็ นทุ่งหญ้ ำ • สัตว์ที่อาศัยอยูต่ ามทุ่งหญ้ามีมากและอุดมสมบูรณ์แตกต่างกันไป เช่น พวกสัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยนม สัตว์กีบ และสัตว์แทะ เช่น กวาง สุ นขั กระรอก สุ นขั ป่ า ไก่ป่า นกกระจอก แมลงต่าง ๆ • ทุ่งหญ้าในประเทศไทยไม่ได้เป็ นทุ่งโล่งอย่างในบางประเทศ แต่ใน ประเทศไทยจะมีทุ่งหญ้าแถบภาคกลางและภาค ตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือซึ่งเหมาะกับการเลี้ยงสัตว์ควบคู่ไปกับการ เพาะปลูก There are 2 main divisions of grasslands: 1. tropical grassland, called savanna 2. temperate grassland Savanna • Grassland with scattered individual trees • Cover almost half the surface of Africa (about five million square miles, generally central Africa) and large areas of Australia, South America, and India • Prairies are grasslands with tall grasses • Steppes are grasslands with short grasses DECIDUOUS FOREST DECIDUOUS FOREST • deciduous trees (shed their leaves annually) • winters are long, but not as harsh as Taiga • animal life is varied and includes ground squirrels, foxes, bears, mice, snakes, rabbits, lizards, and deers DECIDUOUS FOREST • Temperature: -30 OC to 30 OC, yearly average is 10 OC, hot summers, cold winters • Precipitation: 750 to 1,500 mm of rain per year • Vegetation: Broadleaf trees (oaks, maples, beeches), shrubs, perennial herbs, and mosses • Location: Eastern United States, Canada, Europe, China, and Japan • Other: Temperate deciduous forests are most notable because they go through four seasons. Leaves change color in autumn, fall off in the winter, and grow back in the spring; this adaptation allows plants to survive cold winters. • Example: Staunton, Virginia, United States Fall Colors • In the Fall, the number of hours of daylight decreases • This causes deciduous trees to stop producing chlorophyll and eventually lose their leaves • During this time, these leaves turn brilliant colors, ranging from red to orange to yellow to brown TUNDRA TUNDRA • Long, severe winters and cool, brief summers • At its warmest, the ground only thaws about 1m (3 ft); below this is permanently frozen ground, called permafrost TUNDRA • Temperature: -40 OC to 18 OC • Precipitation: 150 to 250 mm of rain per year • Vegetation: Almost no trees due to short growing season and permafrost; lichens, mosses, grasses, sedges, shrubs • Location: Regions south of the ice caps of the Arctic and extending across North America, Europe, and Siberia (high mountain tops) • Other: Tundra comes from the Finnish word tunturia, meaning "treeless plain"; it is the coldest of the biomes • Example: Yakutsk, Russia Characteristics of Tundra 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Extremely cold climate Low biotic diversity Simple vegetation structure Limitation of drainage Short season of growth and reproduction Energy and nutrients in the form of dead organic material Large population oscillations TUNDRA • Most typical plants are mosses, lichens, and other small plants that can survive the extreme cold • Polar bears, reindeer, caribou, arctic foxes, arctic hares, all inhabit the northern tundra TUNDRA • While the fringes of Antarctica support various species of seal and penguin Arctic Tundra • Located in the northern hemisphere, encircling the north pole and extending south to the coniferous forests of the taiga Alpine Tundra • Located on mountains throughout the world at high altitude where trees cannot grow • The growing season is approximately 180 days Tundra Animals • Caribou migrate in large herds to feed on the plants flowering and setting seed during the short summer • Predatory wolves track the herds on their migration, while foxes clean up carrion (ซากสัตว์) and the sickly Tundra Animals • Arctic foxes have the thickest pelts (skin) and tiny ears • Foxes evolved a method of preventing heat escaping from their paws into the snow Tundra Animals • Caribou have similar heat-exchangers and a special type of fat in their lower legs • Musk oxen insulating themselves with thick layers of fur and fat, they huddle together in groups for warmth and, when threatened by predators, will often form a protective circle with the young calves at the center TAIGA (Coniferous Forest) TAIGA • Taiga (northern coniferous forest or boreal forest) • The largest land biome, covering about 17% of the Earth's land area or about 1/3 of its total forested area • Lengthy, snowy, cold winters and short, mild summers • Cone-bearing trees and spongy bogs dominate the landscape • Various types of large deer, particularly elk and wapiti, and wolves, hares, bears TAIGA • Temperature: -40 OC to 20 OC, average summer temperature is 10 OC • Precipitation: 300 to 900 millimeters of rain per year • Vegetation: Coniferous-evergreen trees (trees that produce cones and needles; some needles remain on the trees all year long) • Location: Canada, Europe, Asia, and the United States • Other: Coniferous forest regions have cold, long, snowy winters, and warm, humid summers; well-defined seasons, at least four to six frost-free months • Example: Beaverlodge, Alberta, Canada • ป่ าสนในแถบเหนือ เป็ นป่ าที่อยูใ่ นแถบขั้วโลกลงมาในบริ เวณอลาสกา แคนาดา สแกนดิเนเวีย และไซบีเรี ย ระหว่างเส้นรุ ้ง 50-60 องศาเหนือ • การใช้ประโยชน์จากป่ าสน ถ้าทาอย่างไม่เหมาะสมจะทาให้ลดผลผลิต และเป็ นการทาลายทิวทัศน์ อาจจะเกิดอันตรายจากไฟไหม้ป่า หรื ออาจ ใช้ประโยชน์เป็ นที่พกั ผ่อนหย่อนใจของมนุษย์ได้นอ้ ยลง รวมทั้งชีวิต สัตว์ป่าต่าง ๆ และคุณภาพลุ่มน้ าลาธารลดลง Coniferous (Boreal) Forest • The largest terrestial biome • Occuring between 50 and 60 degrees N latitudes • Seasons are divided into short, moist, and moderately warm summers and long, cold, and dry winters • The length of the growing season in boreal forests is 130 days Coniferous (Boreal) Forest • มีพืชพวกสนเป็ นส่ วนใหญ่ • ต้นไม้เตี้ยที่เป็ นพืชปกคลุม คือ พวก มอส หญ้า และไม้พมุ่ ในแถบหนาว • บางแห่งมีตน้ ไม้ใหญ่และสู งมาก เช่น เรดวูด ป่ าไม้พวกนี้เป็ นแหล่งน้ าจืด ของโลก เช่น – ทะเลสาบซุพีเรี ยในอเมริ กาเหนือ – ทะเลสาบไบคาลในเอเซีย • Flora consist mostly of cold-tolerant evergreen conifers with needle-like leaves, such as pine, fir, and spruce. • Fauna include woodpeckers, hawks, moose, bear, weasel, lynx, fox, wolf, deer, hares, chipmunks, shrews, and bats. Taiga Cone-bearing Tree • Their conical shape allows snow to fall off easily • The small surface area of their needle-shaped leaves reduces water loss • A thick, waxy cuticle protects the leaf stomata from the drying winds and prevents water loss • Dark-colored leaves throughout the year, the evergreen trees are ready to photosynthesize as soon as temperatures rise above 6° C (43° F) in spring Taiga Animal Adaptations • Thick coats of fur or feathers for insulation • Large body size, relative to similar species, is another strategy that prevents heat loss, i.e. elk is the largest member of the deer family • Several species have developed the ability to live beneath the snow-covered ground in winter Taiga Animal Adaptations • Others, such as the brown-bear and squirrel, overwinter by hibernation • Some animals do not hibernate, but hoard or store food to enable them to survive the winter period Taiga Animal Adaptations • Migratory behaviour; caribou migrate south in winter, other birds and mammals only spend the summer months in the taiga