Transcript Plant Propagation

QOD #23
2/4/2015
• What do you think the word propagation means?
ANNOUNCEMENTS
…
21
TODAY…
• Introduction to plant propagation
• New Unit= New Horticulture Fandango
WHAT IS PROPAGATION?
• Reproduction of new plants from seeds or vegetative parts of a
plant
• Sexual Propagation: the reproduction of plants with the use of
seeds
• Asexual Propagation: plant reproduction using vegetative parts of
a parent plant like leaves, stems, or roots
SEXUAL PROPAGATION
• Plants grown from seeds are called seedlings
• Plants grown from seeds may be genetically
different from their parents (allows breeders to
create new plants)
SEED PRODUCTION
• Pacific Northwest- commercial seed producers
• Harvesting Seeds
• Timing must be just right (Goldilocks )
• Producers must keep very good records
• Mechanical and hand harvesting
• Mechanical is fastest but can damage seeds
• Plant seeds that mature at intervals must be handpicked
• Hand picking reduces the amount of cleaning
SEED CLEANING
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Depends on the fruit
Cleaning machines
Dried and threshed
Seeds are washed to remove pulp, spread out to dry, and
then stored
• Tomatoes are softened and allowed to ferment
• Magnolia fruits are soaked in water for 8-24 hours
• Can use 1 tsp baking soda per quart of water to soak hard fruit
TESTING AND LABELING
• Federal and State Laws regulate the shipment
and sale of seeds
• Tested and labeled for trueness of name
• Origin
• Percent Germination (% of seeds that will sprout and grow)
• Pure Seed Percentage
• Percentage of other ingredients (weed seeds and other materials)
TOMORROW…
• Introduction to plant propagation
• New Unit= New Horticulture Fandango
QOD #24
2/5/2015
• What is the difference between sexual and
asexual propagation?
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Beef Jerky
$1
22
TODAY…
• Seeds, Planting, and Transplanting
• LET’S GO OUTSIDE!!!
• Pull weeds in the garden 
• You will each have a section that you are responsible for
• You will need to remove the weeds from your section
STORING SEEDS
• Depends on type of seeds
• Most dry seeds of annuals and vegetables are stored in a cool, dry place
until the next growing season- Refrigerator set at 40°F
• Need to be in air tight polyethylene bags or glass jars with lids
• Silica crystals
• Some seeds have to be sown immediately (maple, elm, tropical)
• Apple, Oak, and Pecan are stored in a moist, cool place
• Refrigerator at 40°F with 40%-90% humidity
• Most seeds are stored for 1 year- lose ability to germinate as they age
• However, some weed seeds have germinated after 50 years
PERCENT GERMINATION
• 100 tomato seeds are placed on a moist paper towel
• Kept moist and at a temperature of 85°F for 7-10 days
• The number of sprouted seeds are counted and divided
by 100
• If I need 1,000 tomato plants and the percent
germination is 90%, how many extra seeds do I need to
sow?
PERCENT GERMINATION
• 100 tomato seeds are placed on a moist paper towel
• Kept moist and at a temperature of 85°F for 7-10 days
• The number of sprouted seeds are counted and divided
by 100
• If I need 1,000 tomato plants and the percent
germination is 90%, how many extra seeds do I need to
sow?- 100
• Below 40% germination rate is not worth planting
PLANTING SEEDS OUTDOORS
• Direct Seeding: seeds are planted directly in
the soil outdoors
• Done with plants that are difficult to plant
individually but the plants germinate easily
PLANTING SEEDS OUTDOORS
• Site Selection:
• Sufficient sunlight
• Soil drainage- water should drain after
rainfall
• Seedbed preparation:
• Soil needs to be loose and fine textured
(moisture and aeration)
• Weeds that compete for moisture and
sunlight
• Planting Date:
• Germination temperature
• Planting dates  Harvesting dates
• Planting Depth and Spacing:
• If unknown, plant 3-4 times their
width
• Percent Germination, Environmental
Conditions, and Mature size of plant
determine spacing
• Moisture:
• Sufficient water for germination to
begin
• Soil should not be allowed to dry out
or seedlings will die
• Soil should not be too wet or they will
rot
TRANSPLANTING
• Indirect Seeding: seeds planted indoors or in a
greenhouse with a germinating medium that are
transplanted later to a larger container or
outdoors
• Starting seeds indoors can extend the length of
the growing season
• Seedling stage begins when plants have produced
a set of true leaves.
SEED DORMANCY
• Seed Coat Dormancy- seed coat that will not allow water
absorption
• Scarification: breaking or softening a seed coat to allow
absorption of moisture
• Care must be taken not to damage embryo
• Embryo Dormancy- some embryos must go through a chilling
period before they will germinate
• Stratification: placing seeds in a moist soil medium at
temperatures between 32°F and 50°F for a certain period of
time.
TOMORROW…
• Review Day
• Test on Tuesday
QOD #25
2/6/2015
• If I have tomato seed with an 85% germination,
how many seeds do I need to plant to have
1000 plants for the plant sale?
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Beef Jerky
$1
22
TODAY…
• Germination Media, Rows and Broadcasting, Moisture, Temperature,
Light, and Damping Off
• LET’S GO OUTSIDE!!!
• Pull weeds in the greenhouse 
• You will each have a section that you are responsible for
• You will need to remove the weeds from your section
GERMINATION MEDIA
• Media is the substance that the plants are grown in
• Containers are filled to the top and leveled to give the
seed a uniform seedbed
• The medium should have proper drainage and aeration,
but remain moist
• Must have favorable pH for nutrient absorption
• Must be free of insects, weeds, and disease organisms
• Combination of peat moss, perlite, and vermiculite
ROWS OR BROADCASTING
• Seeds are planted at the recommended depth
• Broadcasting is spreading the seeds evenly
over the surface of the medium
• Planting in rows requires more space but is
easier when transplanting and reduces chance
of disease
MOISTURE
• Water is applied after the initial planting of
seeds by misting
• Thereafter, the flats are misted when the
medium begins to dry
• Sometimes cover the flats with a clear plastic
or glass to prevent the tray from drying out
TEMPERATURE
• Medium temperature is dependent on the
type of plants that are being grown
• In general, seed flats are placed on
greenhouse benches with heating cables or
mats that maintain a temperature of 70°F 80°F
LIGHT
• Most seeds do not require light to
germinate.
• However, once the seedlings emerge, direct
sunlight is essential.
• If seedlings do not receive enough sunlight,
they are weak, spindly, and of poor planting
quality.
DAMPING OFF
• Seedlings are susceptible to many fungal diseases.
• Damping-off: a fungal disease which causes the
stems to rot at the soil line.
• Caused by organisms present in unsterilized
media, containers, tools, and benches.
• Proper sanitation is a must
• Can use fungicides to as prevention
QOD #26
2/9/2015
• What is damping off?
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Beef Jerky
$1
SAE Check 2 Due Friday!!
24
TODAY…
• Asexual Propagation
• We are going to go over the various types of cuttings
• Is it raining? Because we are supposed to go to the
greenhouse and take some cuttings
CUTTINGS
• Detached portions of the plant (stems, leaves,
leaf-buds, or roots) that form missing parts to
grow into complete new plants
• Most common method of asexual propagation
STEM CUTTINGS
• Use portions of the stem that contain terminal or lateral
buds
• Stem cuttings are placed in growing media in hopes that
they will produce roots
• Herbaceous
• Softwood
• Semi-hardwood
• Hardwood
• Conifer
HERBACEOUS CUTTINGS
• From plant stems without wood
• Succulents
• Cuttings are 3”-4” long and contain several
leaves
• Ex: Geranium, Coleus
SOFTWOOD CUTTINGS
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Taken from new growth of woody plants
Root easy but require more attention
Cuttings usually 3”-5” with 2 or 3 nodes
Cut at 45° angle approx. ¼” below node
1/3 of lower leaves removed to reduce water
loss
• Large leaves are cut in half to reduce wilting
• All flower buds should be removed
SEMI-HARDWOOD CUTTINGS
• Cuttings prepared from woody,
broadleaved plants
• Taken in the summer from new shoots
that have partially matured
• Cuttings are 3”-6” in length
• Similar to soft-wood cuttings
HARDWOOD CUTTINGS
• Prepared during the dormant season from
trees
• Cuttings are 6”-8” and taken from 1 yr old
wood
• Cuttings form callus tissue during the winter
• Callus tissue- white tissue that forms over the
wounded are or base of the cuttings
• This is where new roots sprout in the spring.
CONIFER CUTTINGS
• Propagated by hardwood cuttings
obtained from plants in early winter.
• May take several months to produce an
adequate root system
• Ex.- Junipers, yew, and spruce.
LEAF CUTTINGS
• Consists of a leaf blade or a leaf blade with a
petiole attached.
• Ex.- Snake plants and African violets.
• The bases of leaf cuttings produce roots and
shoots.
• The primary veins are cut and the leaf cutting is
laid flat on top of the growing medium- new
plants are formed at each point where the veins
are cut.
• Petiole are inserted- new roots and shoots will
emerge from the base of the petiole.
LEAF-BUD CUTTINGS
• Consists of a leaf, petiole, and a short piece of stem
with the lateral bud.
• Leaf-bud cuttings are used when plant materials is
in short supply.
• Must have well developed buds, and healthy
leaves.
• Stem is treated with rooting hormone and inserted
into medium with lateral bud just below surface.
• New plant develops from the lateral bud.
• Ex.- Camellias, maple, and magnolias.
ROOT CUTTINGS
• Made from root pieces of young
plants during late winter or early
spring.
• Roots are clean and treated with
fungicide.
• Pieces are cut into 2”-6” pieces
• Suckers- new plants that emerge from
the roots
TIMING CUTTINGS
• Need to come from healthy plants
• Different plants= different times of the
year P. 118- chart of what and when
• Early in the morning when water content
of plant is highest
• Hands and tools should be clean
• If not planted immediately, should be
placed in a plastic bag in the refrigerator
PREPARING CUTTINGS
• Stem cuttings should be scraped at the base
(encourages formation of roots)
• Rooting hormone placed on the wound
• Hardwoods require more rooting hormone
than softwoods
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyXSNzywqvw
LET THE WAITING BEGIN
• Need to be in a high humidity environment (no
roots)
• Can enclose in a plastic bag
• Misting propagation benches
• Need indirect sunlight
• Temp needs to be between 70°-80°
• Heating mats can be used
TOMORROW…
•Greenhouse
•Planting seeds and taking cuttings
QOD #27
2/10/2015
• Tell me about one type of cuttings that we
discussed yesterday.
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Beef Jerky
$1
25
TODAY…
• Greenhouse
• Planting seeds and taking cuttings
• Prep for tomorrow
TOMORROW…
• I will not be here tomorrow. (Poultry Judging)
• You will be completing a webquest on Asexual Propagation.
• It will be for a grade. Do your best work.
QOD #28
2/11/2015
• What type of propagation did you do in the
greenhouse yesterday?
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Beef Jerky
$1
26
TODAY…
•Asexual Propagation Webquest
TOMORROW…
• Grafting, Budding, and Layering
• Greenhouse
QOD #29
2/12/2015
• Tell me one thing you learned from the
webquest yesterday.
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Beef Jerky
$1
27
TODAY…
• Grafting, Budding, and Layering
• Greenhouse
GRAFTING
• The process of connecting two plants or
plant parts together in such a way that
they will unite and continue to grow as
one plant
• Scion- short piece of stem with 2 or more
buds, becomes the top of the plant
• Understock (rootstock)- lower portion of
the graft, develops into the root system
• Orchard trees and roses
Whip and Tongue Grafting
Cleft Grafting
Bark Grafting
BUDDING
• Similar to grafting except that the scion is reduced to a single
bud with a small portion of bark or wood attached
• Done in the spring or fall when bark separates easily from
the wood
• T-Budding
•
Patch Budding
LAYERING
• Roots are formed on a new stem while it is still attached to
the parent plant
Simple Layering Trench Layering Mound Layering
Air Layering
TOMORROW…
• Separation and Division
• Tissue Cultures
QOD #30
2/13/2015
• What type of propagation has been the most
interesting to you so far?
ANNOUNCEMENTS
SAE Check #2 due today
QOD Sheets turned in
today
28
TODAY…
• Separation and Division
• Tissue Cultures
SEPARATION AND DIVISION
• Some plants produce vegetative structures which can
be separated or divided from the parent plant as a
natural means of reproducing.
• Separation: propagation method in which these
natural structures are removed from the parent plant
and planted to grow on their own.
• Division: method in which parts of the plants are cut
into sections that will grow into new plants naturally.
• Bulbs, Corms, Rhizomes and Tubers, Plant Crowns
BULBS
• Bulbs have a basal plate from which roots emerge,
and they contain a compressed stem surrounded by
scales that become leaves. Bulbs are usually round
or eggshaped with a pointy end. Bulbs produce
offspring bulbs from the inside of the old bulb from
the basal plate.Tulips, Daffodils, Onions
CORMS
• Corms are modified stems with a basal plate, but
they are solid, not made up of scales. If you look
closely at a corm, you will see bumps on the
upper surface. These are nodes where the leaves
will emerge. When corms are exhausted, they use
energy from the growing leaves and stem to
create a new corm. When you dig them up in fall,
you will see the spent corm, like a dried up prune,
still clinging to the bottom of the new flowering
corm. Corms also put out little offshoot corms and
these can be nurtured over time into new plants.
RHIZOMES AND TUBERS
• These swollen underground
stems grow horizontally just
under the surface of the soil.
Buds for new leaves occur
along the surface of the
Tubers are thickened underground stems. They
rhizome.
have no basal plate. The eyes of the potato are
the growing tips from which stems will emerge.
Some tubers are fleshy root tissues, looking like
fat fingers, such as those found in dahlias and
anemones. Daylilies also grow from tubers but
they are long and slender. The stem emerges
from the crown, where the roots join together.
PLANT
CROWNS
The plant crown is the part
of the plant at the soil
surface from which new
shoots or leaves are
produced. Many
herbaceous perennials and
houseplants are lifted from
the soil and the crown is
divided into sections which
become new plants.
TISSUE CULTURES
• Most recent method of asexual
propagation
• Micropropagation- taking small tissue
or a group of cells from the parent
plant and growing it on a nutrient-rich
agar gel or liquid in a sterile
environment to produce hundreds of
new plants.
• Agar: sugar based gel derived from
certain algae
GENETIC ENGINEERING
• Utilizing biotechnology by gene transfer or genetic
manipulation to select and move genetic material
from one plant to another
• Results can be obtained much quicker than
traditional breeding methods.
• Greater control over characteristics.
• A tomato shelf life several weeks (1994)
• Frost resistant strawberries
• Turf that’s toxic to insects
TUESDAY
• No School on Monday 
• Happy Valentine’s Day