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Solid Waste
Management
Types of solid waste
• Solid waste can be classified into different
types depending on their source:
– a) Household waste is generally classified as
municipal waste,
– b) Industrial waste as hazardous waste, and
– c) Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious
waste.
Municipal solid waste
• Municipal solid waste consists of household waste, construction and debris,
sanitation residue, and waste from streets. This garbage is generated mainly
from residential and commercial complexes.
• Over the last few years, the consumer market has grown rapidly leading to
products being packed in cans, aluminium foils, plastics, and other such
nonbiodegradable items that cause incalculable harm to the environment. In
India, some municipal areas have banned the use of plastics and they seem
to have achieved success.
• a single piece of plastic in the entire district of Ladakh where the local
authorities imposed a ban on plastics in 1998.
• One positive note is that in many large cities, shops have begun packing
items in reusable or biodegradable bags. Certain biodegradable items can
also be composted and reused. In fact proper handling of the biodegradable
waste will considerably lessen the burden of solid waste that each city has to
tackle.
Garbage: the four broad categories
• Organic waste: kitchen waste, vegetables,
flowers, leaves, fruits.
• Toxic waste: old medicines, paints, chemicals,
bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide
containers, batteries, shoe polish.
• Recyclable: paper, glass, metals, plastics.
• Soiled ( BMW) : hospital waste such as cloth
soiled with blood and other body fluids.
There are different categories of waste generated, each take
their own time to degenerate (as illustrated in the table below).
The type of litter we generate and the approximate time it takes to degenerate
Type of litter
Approximate time it takes to degenerate
the litter
Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit
peels, leftover foodstuff, etc.
a week or two.
Paper
10–30 days
Cotton cloth
2–5 months
Wood
10–15 years
Woolen items
1 year
Tin, aluminium, and other metal items
such as cans
100–500 years
Plastic bags
one million years?
Glass bottles
undetermined
Hazardous waste
• Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans,
animals, and plants; are corrosive, highly inflammable,
or explosive; and react when exposed to certain things
e.g. gases. India generates around 7 million tonnes of
hazardous wastes every year, most of which is
concentrated in four states: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,
Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.
• In the industrial sector, the major generators of
hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper,
pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods industries.
Hospital waste
• Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or
immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities
in these fields or in the production or testing of biologicals. It may
include wastes like sharps, soiled waste, disposables, anatomical
waste, cultures, discarded medicines, chemical wastes, etc. These
are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body
fluids, human excreta, etc. This waste is highly infectious and can be
a serious threat to human health if not managed in a scientific and
discriminate manner.
• Surveys carried out by various agencies show that the health care
establishments in India are not giving due attention to their waste
management. After the notification of the Bio-medical Waste
(Handling and Management) Rules, 1998, these establishments are
slowly streamlining the process of waste segregation, collection,
treatment, and disposal. Many of the larger hospitals have either
installed the treatment facilities or are in the process of doing so.
Disposal solutions
Landfill :-
Disposal of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste and this remains
a common practice in most countries. Landfills were often established in
abandoned or unused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. A properly
designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively
inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials. Older, poorly
designed or poorly managed landfills and open dumps can create a
number of adverse environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter,
attraction of vermin, and generation of liquid leachate. Another common
product of landfills is gas (mostly composed of methane and carbon
dioxide), which is produced from anaerobic breakdown of organic waste.
This gas can create odor problems, kill surface vegetation and is a
greenhouse gas.
• Design characteristics of a modern landfill include methods to contain
leachate such as clay or plastic lining material. Deposited waste is
normally compacted to increase its density and stability and covered to
prevent attracting vermin (such as mice or rats). Many landfills also have
landfill gas extraction systems installed to extract the landfill gas. Gas is
pumped out of the landfill using perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in
a gas engine to generate electricity.
Disposal solutions
Incineration
•
•
Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to
combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This method
is useful for disposal of residue of both solid waste management and solid residue
from waste water management. This process reduces the volumes of solid waste
to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume. Incineration and other high
temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as "thermal
treatment". Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam, and ash.
Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large scale
by industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is recognized
as a practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste materials (such as
biological medical waste). Incineration is a controversial method of waste disposal,
due to issues such as emission of gaseous pollutants.
Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land is more scarce, as
these facilities generally do not require as much area as landfills. Waste-to-energy
(WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) are broad terms for facilities that burn waste in
a furnace or boiler to generate heat, steam or electricity. Combustion in an
incinerator is not always perfect and there have been concerns about pollutants in
gaseous emissions from incinerator stacks.
Disposal solutions
•
Recycling
•
Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of
waste materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from which the
items are made can be reprocessed into new products. Material for recycling may
be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection
vehicles. In some communities, the owner of the waste is required to separate the
materials into different bins (e.g. for paper, plastics, metals) prior to its collection.
In other communities, all recyclable materials are placed in a single bin for
collection, and the sorting is handled later at a central facility. The latter method is
known as "single-stream recycling.
•
The most common consumer products recycled include aluminium such as
beverage cans, copper such as wire, steel from food and aerosol cans, old steel
furnishings or equipment, rubber tyres, polyethylene and PET bottles, glass bottles
and jars, paperboard cartons, newspapers, magazines and light paper, and
corrugated fiberboard boxes.
•
The recycling of complex products (such as computers and electronic equipment)
is more difficult, due to the additional dismantling and separation required.
•
The type of material accepted for recycling varies by city and country. Each city and
country has different recycling programs in place that can handle the various types
of recyclable materials.
Disposal solutions
• Re-use
• Recoverable materials that are organic in nature, such as
plant material, food scraps, and paper products, can be
recovered through composting and digestion processes to
decompose the organic matter. The resulting organic
material is then recycled as mulch or compost for
agricultural or landscaping purposes. In addition, waste gas
from the process (such as methane) can be captured and
used for generating electricity and heat . The intention of
biological processing in waste management is to control
and accelerate the natural process of decomposition of
organic matter.
Disposal solutions
•
Energy recovery
•
Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into
usable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion,
gasification, pyrolyzation, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas recovery. This process is
often called waste-to-energy. Energy recovery from waste is part of the non-hazardous
waste management hierarchy. Using energy recovery to convert non-recyclable waste
materials into electricity and heat, generates a renewable energy source and can
reduce carbon emissions by offsetting the need for energy from fossil sources as well as
reduce methane generation from landfills. Globally, waste-to-energy accounts for 16%
of waste management.
•
Pyrolysis and gasification are two related forms of thermal treatment where waste
materials are heated to high temperatures with limited oxygen availability.
•
The process usually occurs in a sealed vessel under high pressure. Pyrolysis of solid
waste converts the material into solid, liquid and gas products. The liquid and gas can
be burnt to produce energy or refined into other chemical products .
•
The solid residue (char) can be further refined into products such as activated carbon.
•
Gasification are used to convert organic materials directly into a synthetic gas (syngas)
composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
Types of Composting
• Bicomposting
• Mechanical composting
• Pot composting
• Vermicomposting
• Magic Bucket
Biocomposting
The compost prepared by using Bioinoculum.
Bioinoculum is mixtures of culture of
microorganism, specially developed to
facilitate aerobic composting of organic waste.
It contains cultures of bacteria, fungi &
actinomycetae along with enzymes which
facilitate conversion of organic waste in to a
bio stabilized compost. This compost is free
from any toxic or hazardous material.
CASE STUDIES:• They have done it1.
Prakruti a Housing Society in Mittal Park Thane (W) started to compost their
wet waste of the society using biocomposting process in 2000.
2.
The society has 56 flats and generates approx 30-35 kg of wet waste and garden
waste on a daily basis. Two big cement pits of the dimension of 7ftX6ftX5ft
were made in which alternatively waste is filled.
3.
Biocluture was sprayed on the same. With regular watering and turning the
waste, a fine biocompost was harvested once in a year.
4.
One sweeper who collects the waste from households has been trained to do the
activity.
5.
The entire project was facilitated by Enviro-vigil from its inception.
Prakruti a Housing Society, having
BIOCOMPOST PLANT
Mechanical composting
•
The Mechanical Process : Segregation Method using Trummels Vibratory Sieve, bucket elevator, Aspirator,
Destoner, Cyclone separator, Enriching Mechanism & Packing. Production capacity is
around 20MT to 500MT/day.
The various OWC models and their organic waste processing capacities:
OWC 30: upto 200 kgs/ Day
OWC 60: from 200 – 400 kgs/Day
OWC 130: from 400 – 800 kgs/Day
OWC 300: from 800 – 2500 kgs/Day
OWC 500: from 2500 – 4500 kgs/Day
PROCESS
The Organic Waste is converted into homogenized odour free output with in 15 minutes
through Bio Mechanical Process and is converted into COMPOST with in two weeks
which can be used in kitchen gardens and landscape applications.
TTCWMA:- Mechanical composting
photos
CASE STUDIES:• They have done it1.
Trans Thane creek waste management association started to compost
their wet waste of the industries using mechanical composting process in
2012-13.
2.
The company generates and collected approx 3000-3500kg of wet waste
and vegetable waste ( APMC Market ) on a daily basis. One big
shreeder and Organic waste converter machine used for shredding of
waste and then it is placed in create. During the shredding bioculum
powder added in the wet waste.
3.
With regular watering ( already filled in stand) and turning the waste, a
fine biocompost was harvested after 15days.
4.
One sweeper who collects the waste from households has been trained to
do the activity. And 2 two worker operated the whole unit. One driver
placed for transportation..
5.
The entire project was facilitated by Enviro-vigil from its inception.
Pot Composting
• This is a very versatile process of composting.
In these method terracotta pot / earthen pot
used for making compost. Green waste,
sawdust, dried leaves, placed in to the pot and
converted in to manure. It can also be used to
compost organic waste and dried leaves.
Composting The Daily Dump Way
• As our little balconies become green, we
need to sustain them with compost and
other care. We are also committing
ourselves to up recycling the waste
generated by our busy Kitchen.
• What you see in the picture above is called a
Khamba, ot pot composting.
• It is made by Daily Dump organization. This
composting unit used for household wet
waste management for flat or bungalow.
• It consists of 3 large Terracotta pots/ earthen
pot of about 15 liters capacity each. The pot
that sits on the floor is the one with a
bottom. The other 2 pots are bottomless.
They just have a rope grid in the bottom. The
middle and top pots are used for dumping
the daily waste from the kitchen.
Vermicomposting
• Vermicompost is the excreta of earthworms,
which is rich in humus and nutrients. We can
rear earthworms artificially in a brick tank or
near the stem / trunk of trees (specially
horticultural trees). By feeding these
earthworms with biomass and watching
properly the food (bio-mass) of earthworms,
we can produce the required quantities of
vermicompost.
Earthworm Spp:• 1. Eisenia foetida, (Red Wigglers).
• 2. Eisenia hortensis (European nightcrawlers)
• 3. Lumbricus rubellus (red earthworm).
PROCEDURE:•
There are two main procedure of vermicomposting. One of is pit / bin method & another is
raised bed or flow-through system.
1. Make a open bed / pit of 10ft in length X 3ft width X3ft height.
2. fill the pit / bed with organic waste like litter, animal dung, kitchen garbage etc,
3. Leave around 150 worms/ 1 kg vermiculture in that pit/bed.
4. Cover the pit / bed with the gunny bags / dry leaves.
5. Sprinkled 50lit to 70lit water daily on the material fill in the bed/ pit.
6. Maintain the moisture up to 60 to 80%.
7. Maintain the temperature about 25 to 30 °C of the pit / bed.
7. shuffle/ turn the material after the period of 10days,
11. After 45 to 60 days stop watering.
12. Take out the compost from pit / bed, separates worms.
13. Then dry it & sieve it.
14. Again fill the pit for composting & put all worms in to the pit.
15.if there is problem of temp./ sun, snow, rain the cover the pit with the shade.
16. It is necessary to monitor the temperatures, moisture level & PH of the pit / bin.
CASE STUDIES:• They have done it: NRB Bearings Ltd a company in Pokhran II Thane (W) started a
vermicomposting project in their campus for the garden waste of their
company.
 Complete consultancy was provided by Enviro-Vigil.
 The project was initiated in the month of April 2012.
 4 of their gardeners were trained to carry out the activity.
 Approx 1.5 ton of garden waste was composted by this process.
 In a period of 2 mnths,1200 kg of compost was harvested,which has
eliminated their purchase of compost from external sources and saved
them of a lot of recurring expenses.
Vermicomposting at NRB company
Campus
Magic bucket
Segregation of the waste
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DRY WASTE
Plastic
Thermocol
Paper
Cloth
Styrofoam
Cardboard
Mosquito mat
Biscuit and chocolate
wrappers
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WET WASTE
Dry leaves
Tea leaves
Fruit and vegetable peels
Flower waste (nirmalya)
Cooked food waste
Non veg leftovers
Egg shells
Coconut shells
Procedure of the Magic Bucket
PROCEDURE:• A 17.5 "dia( 25 lit. ) is used for composting in which five holes ( 2cm dia) at base & lid are
made.
• Nets are fixed on the holes of the lid with help of fevistick, to prevent insects from entering the
bucket.
st
• Layering from the base to the top. The 1 layer is made up by placing broken bricks (1").On that
nd
rd
th
a 2 layer of sugarcane waste (3"). Then 3 layer (1") of cow dung. In 4 layer add half part of
Biocompost/ Aaushadhi Mati is layered on the cowdung layer. This is followed by a layer (1") of
dry leaf. Ans once again a layer of cow dung (1").
• Remaining biocompost / Aaushadhi Mati is layered on it.
• A final layer of chopped green leaf/ green vegetables waste is layered on it.
• Then water is sprinkled on last layer.
• After 4 to 6 days the chopped green leaves/ vegetable waste turns blackish in colour which
means the bacteria have multiplied to a substantial amount and the bucket is now activated
and ready for use
• To such an activated bucket fresh organic waste of the kitchen can be added on a daily basis.
• In case of foul smell a layer of soil is to be added to the waste.
• Sprinkle water regularly.
• The top layers can be harvested on a regular basis and new waste can be added.
• Such soil called as Aaushadhi Mati which contains good nutrients & bacteria.
Magic bucket layering
Do’s anD Don’ts
• Dos
• Always keep the bucket in
a shady but open area
• Always keep the bucket
well aerated
• Water the bucket
regularly
• Turn the contents well
once in a week or so
• Always chop the waste
into small pieces before
adding to the bucket
• Don’ts
• Do not add spicy and oily
cooked food waste in the
bucket
• Don’t add non veg, egg
shells and coconut shells
in the bucket
• Don’t over water the
bucket or allow it flood in
the rains
Keep in mind the following basic
ideas while managing the waste in
your Daily Dump products:Air
Water
Food
Benefits
• Waste is not something that should be discarded or disposed of with no regard
for future use. It can be a valuable resource if addressed correctly, through
policy and practice. With rational and consistent waste management practices
there is an opportunity to reap a range of benefits. Those benefits include:
• Economic - Improving economic efficiency through the means of resource use,
treatment and disposal and creating markets for recycles can lead to efficient
practices in the production and consumption of products and materials
resulting in valuable materials being recovered for reuse and the potential for
new jobs and new business opportunities.
• Social - By reducing adverse impacts on health by proper waste management
practices, the resulting consequences are more appealing settlements. Better
social advantages can lead to new sources of employment and potentially
lifting communities out of poverty especially in some of the developing poorer
countries and cities.
• Environmental - Reducing or eliminating adverse impacts on the environmental
through reducing, reusing and recycling, and minimizing resource extraction
can provide improved air and water quality and help in the reduction of
greenhouse emissions.
• Inter-generational Equity - Following effective waste management practices
can provide subsequent generations a more robust economy, a fairer and more
inclusive society and a cleaner environment