Transcript Ms. Aguirre - Cathedral Chapel School

Ms. Aguirre
Part A- Chapter 3
Common Parts
There are more than half a million types of
vascular plants on Earth.
They range from tiny plants to giant
redwood trees
No matter how different they are,
vascular plants have three parts in
common
These three parts make it
possible for vascular plants
to live an grow almost
everywhere.
Vascular plants are found in dry
deserts, wet jungles, and the cold
Arctic.
They are able to live in these
environments because their roots,
stems, and leaves adapt to these
environments.
Roots
Spread as far from
the trunks as the
branches
Act as anchors so the
tree doesn’t fall over
Root Hairs
Take in water and
minerals from the soil
through root hairs
Different roots adapt to different environments
Desert
Roots spread far
and close to the
surface to take in
large amounts of
the little rain
Forest- deep roots and prop roots
Deep roots serve as anchors and prop roots
help so they are not being blown in the wind.
Fibrous roots look like tree branches
just underneath the surface
They are like a
tangled mat just
underneath the
surface of the soil
and prevent soil
erosion
They anchor the
plant and the soil
Single thick root that
grows straight down.
They can reach water
deep in the ground
Can store food for the
plant as well
Plants that grow on big trees
In tropical rainforests there are plants that grow
on branches and take water directly from the
moist air.
Storage
Some plants store extra food and water to help them survive
changes in their environment.
Some store so much extra food that people grow them for
their own food.
Stems
Hold up the plant
Carry food and water to other
parts of the plant
Grow up to reach the sunlight
Strawberry Plants and Spider Plants
Stems grow sideways for new plants to grow.
Stem of a barrel cactus stores water so
when rain is scarce, it uses water from its
stem.
Daisies and dandelions have stems with water
inside that keep the stems firm.
When you cut they begin to droop
They have no more water
inside the stem to hold it up.
Bushes and stems usually have stiff,
woody stems for the extra support
they need.
Woody plants don’t die after one
growing season but continue to
grow year after year.
Redwoods
grow for
hundreds of
years.
The tubes that transport water and
minerals are called xylem
Xylem move water and minerals
upward from roots to the leaves.
The strings you bite when eating celery are xylem tubes
These are the tubes
that carry food.
They move the food
made in the leaves to
other parts of the
plants
In flexible stems, xylem and phloem are in bundles
scattered all through the stem. In woody stems, the
xylem and phlem are arranged in rings (xylem is
toward the middle and phloem is around the outside.
With each growing season the
stem of a woody plant gets
bigger and bigger.
More xylem and phloem forms
each year, so the thickness of a
tree trunk is xylem.
The old xylem is the heartwood
of a tree.
The heartwood is used to build
houses.
Leaves
Food factories
Small, large, but
usually flat
Use water from the
soil, carbon dioxide
from the air, and
energy from the sun to
make food
Also produces oxygen
and release into the air
A pigment, or coloring matter, called
chlorophyll helps plants us light
energy to produce sugars
In the fall, as the days get shorter,
most leaves stop making chlorophyll
Inside the leaf are layers of cells
containing microscopic chloroplasts
which are full of chlorophyll
The food making process takes place
in these chloroplasts which are full of
chlorophyll
Veins bring water and minerals to
the chloroplasts and take sugars
from them
The stomata are tiny holes in the leaf
The stomata open wide during the day
when the plant is making food and
close at night to conserve water
The waxy outer layer on top fo most
leaves helps to conserve water
during the heat of the day
The Venus Fly Trap- They grow where soil may
not have enough nutrients the plant needs to
make food.
It snaps shut
when an insect
lands on it and
take the
nutrients from
the insect it
needs.
The main thing is that leaves make
food for plants
Science Chapter 3 Lesson 2
Natural Cycles
Stores lots of oxygen, nitrogen,
and carbon dioxide
Iron, copper, magnesium, and
calcium are stored in rocks
Running water slowly wears away rocks,
releasing stored material. They dissolve
in rivers, lakes, and become part of the
soil
Animals drink the water
and get nutrients it needs.
They get most of their
nutrients from food, and
then their waste becomes
part of the environment
Not only does their waste become part of the
environment, but so does their bodies. This is all an
example of how many plants and animals use these
materials
The Nitrogen Cycle
All living organisms need
nitrogen
Plants use nitrogen to make
proteins
Animals get the nitrogen they
need to make proteins when they
eat plants or other animals
Earth’s atmosphere is made up of 78
percent nitrogen
But most organisms
cannot use nitrogen in
this way
In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen gas is
fixed, or changed into forms that
plants can use
These forms are nitrates and
ammonia
Animals get nitrogen by eating the
plants
An animals waste product put
nitrogen back into the soil.
Solid waste= nitrates
Urine= ammonia
All life on earth is involved in the Carbon- Dioxide-Oxygen Cycle
This process stayed in balance for
millions of years with animal and plant
processes
Humans began to use machines during the Industrial
Revolution, so factories needed huge amounts of fuels.
Large forests were cut for timber and
mines were dug to remove coal from
the Earth
The burning of coal and wood put
huge amounts of carbon dioxide in
the air
Then we relied on fossil fuels
This added more carbon
dioxide to the air
Forests are still being cut down even
though we don’t rely on timber as
much
Each year we have less and less forests. This changes
the balance.
There are fewer and fewer trees to use up the
carbon dioxide in the air. Too much carbon
dioxide is not good for animals or humans
Chapter 3 Lesson 3
Different Methods of Reproduction
Recall that mosses and liverworts are simple plants that usually
grow in damp places. They need to stay moist because they do
not have xylem tubes to transport water. They do not have
phloem tubes either.
Remember these types of plants are
non-vascular.
They move food from cell to cell. That is why they
are small!
Non-vascular Facts
• Have parts that look similar to vascular
• Leaflike parts have chloroplasts and use sunlight to
manufacture food.
Rootlike structures plant anchor plants in the ground.
Their stem parts hold leaflike parts to the sun.
However, these similar parts are not true leaves, roots or
stems because they do not have a xylem or a phloem.
Spores
Don’t have flowers. Don’t reproduce with seeds.
They reproduce with spores.
It is a single reproductive cell that grows into a new plant.
During their life cycle, mosses
produce male and female
reproductive cells on separate plants.
They join and produce a stalk that grows out of the female plant.
The stalk releases the spores that will grow into new moss plant.
Simple Vascular
Simple vascular plants include ferns and
horsetails. Many people think of ferns as plants
with lacy leaves. There are more than 11,000
kind.
In history, they took up much of the
Earth. Today they only grow in cool
forests.
Horsetails are much less common
with only 20 kinds.
Most are small, and all contain silica, a gritty material like sand.
Years ago, people used dried horsetails to scrub pots and pans.
Ferns- produce male and female cells
. The zygote divides and grows into
separate pore producing plants
Seed- producing vascular plants
Produce seeds with no protection
 Gymnosperms- most common are conifers, or
cone-bearing plants, such as pine trees.
 Most conifers produce both male and female
cones on the same tree. Male cones produce
pollen, structures that contain the male
reproductive cells
 Female cones vary in size from 2 cm-75 cm. Their
shapes vary but most have a stem from which
thin woody plates grow. These plates are called
scales
Wind carries pollen from male cones to female cones.
There the male and female reproductive cells unite. The
resulting zygotes divide and grow into seeds. During dry
weather the scales open and seeds are released. .
Angiosperms- more than 235,000
kinds on Earth. They include grasses,
shrubs, herbs, and many trees.
Flowering plants are important
sources of wood, fiber, and medicine
Nearly all the food that people eat come directly or
indirectly from flowering plants.
Flowers make sure that pollen gets
from the male part to the female
part. Angiosperms are pollinated by
insect and other small animals
Angiosperms produce fruits that
protect their seeds. These fruits
include apples, oranges,
tomatoes, peanuts, and acorns
Chapter 3 Lesson 4
People us plants more for food than
any other purpose
Breakfast is made of grain or the seeds of certain
grasses.
Bread is made by grinding seeds
Lettuce is plant leaf
Tomato is a fruit plant
Mustard is made from seeds
Beans, lentils, corn and rice are all
seeds
Corn and rice are also seeds
Beets, radishes, and turnips are all
roots
Spinach, lettuce and kale are leaves
Asparagus are stems
From fruit
plants or
trees
Broccoli are flowers
Artichokes are flowers
Cinnamon is the bark of a tree or the outer
layer of the stem
Plants are
also used for
medicine
Digitalis and
Quinine are
two widely
used
medicines
that come
from plants
This is Foxglove.
Foxglove is used
to produce
digitalis
People many years ago used to chew the bark of a willow
tree for pain medication.
Clothing is made from fibers of a
cotton plant
Blue Jeans = Indigo plant
The dye came from an
indigo plant. That’s how
they got their blue color.
Wooden products
come from trees.
Many beauty products come from plants