Transcript Plant Science

Plant Science
Agriscience
Applications
Careers in Plant Science
Objective:
Investigate career
opportunities related to
plant science industries
Careers in Plant Science
 Career Areas:
 Forest Careers
 Growing,
managing and harvesting trees for
wood and its by-products
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Horticulture Careers
 Floriculture-
flower production and use
 Landscape and nursery- plants used around
homes and businesses for aesthetic purposes
Careers in Plant Science
 Forest Careers
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Forester
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Forest Ranger
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Helps with the science of growing trees
Management of forest including fire
prevention
Logging Foreman
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Supervise the harvesting of trees
Careers in Plant Science
 Floriculture (Horticulture)
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Floral designer
Flower grower
Greenhouse manager
Retail florist
Wholesale florist
Careers in Plant Science
 Landscaping and nursery (Horticulture)
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Greenskeeper- cares for golf courses
Landscaper- installs plants
Landscape architect
Nursery operator- grows trees and shrubs
Turf farmer- grows turf (grass) for sale
Plant Parts and Functions
Objective:
Explain the function of
major plant parts as
related to plant growth
and health
Plants
 Composed of many parts
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Roots
Stems
Leaves
Flowers
Roots
 Often the largest part of the plant
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Squash can have miles of roots
 Adventitious roots
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Found in places unexpected
Poison ivy
Mistletoe
Root
Two types of systems
1. Taproot- main root that usually grows
down
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Carrots
2. Fibrous roots- thin, hair like, and numerous
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Grass
Corn
Root Tissue
 Root cap- outermost part of a root
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Tough cells that penetrate the soil
Pushes through soil partials
Roots
 Area of cell division
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Allows roots to grow longer
New cell replace worn away cells
 Area of cell elongation
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Between the root cap and the plan base
Cells become longer
Cells become specialized
Roots
 Xylem
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Carries water and nutrients to the upper portion
of the plant
 Phloem
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Pipeline
Carries food to the roots
Food is stored in the roots
Roots
Areas of cell maturation
 Where cells mature
 Root hairs emerge
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Develop on the surface of the root
Absorb water and nutrients
Damaged easily
Cannot be replaced
Tap or fibrous???
Stems
 Support leaves, flowers, fruit
 Types of stems:
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Woody
Herbaceous
 Other stems:
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Bulbs (onions)
Rhizomes (wiregrass)
Tubers (potato)
Leaves
 Manufactures food for the plant
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Converts sunlight into food
Photosynthesis
Light
Carbon dioxide + water = sugar + oxygen
Leaves
 Help in the
identification of plants
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Leaf margins
 Shape and size varies
with each species
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Simple leaves
Compound leaves
Photosynthesis
Objective: Explore the
photosynthesis process
as related to growth
and development of a
plant
Think!
 Turn to a partner & come up with 3 reasons
why you think photosynthesis is important &
3 reasons why photosynthesis is not
important
Process
 Light energy is connected to chemical
energy
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Chloroplast contains chlorophyll
Simple sugars are made (glucose)
Carbon dioxide is used
Oxygen is produced
Learning the Photosynthesis
Equation
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Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Glucose
water
Photosynthesis
Glucose
6CO2+6H2O
Carbon
Dioxide
Oxygen
C6H12O6+6O2
Water
Photosynthesis (overview)
 What’s occurring?
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Food is produced
Energy is stored
It occurs is cells that have chloroplasts
Oxygen is released
Water is used
Carbon dioxide is used
It happens in sunlight
Slowing Photosynthesis
 Low Carbon dioxide
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Greenhouse
Carbon dioxide generators
Slowing Photosynthesis
 Low Light
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Dark rooms
Light intensity matters
 Temperature
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Best at 65-85 degrees Fahrenheit
Extreme temps can stop photosynthesis
Respiration
 Food is used
 Energy is released
 Oxygen is used
 Carbon dioxide is produced
 Occurs in both light and dark
Transpiration
 Release of water vapor from the stomata
 90% of the water entering the roots
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10% is used in chemical processes
 Functions:
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cooling
transportation
maintaining turgor pressure
Plant
Reproduction
Objective: Describe flower and
seed parts, including their function
Plant Reproduction
 Two types of propagation:
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Sexual
use of seed for reproducing plants
 only way to obtain new varieties and hybrid vigor
 often least expensive and quickest
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Asexual
vegetative
 exact duplicate
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Flowers
 Functions to produce seeds
 Types of flowers
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Perfect (both male and female)
Imperfect
 Pollination
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The union of pollen with the female part of the
flower
Parts of the Flower
 Stamen (male part)
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Filament
Anther- manufactures pollen
Pollen- male sexual reproductive cell
Parts of the Flower
 Pistil (female part)
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Stigma- receives the pollen
Style- connection to the ovary
Ovary- contains the ovules or female
reproductive cells
Parts of the Flower
 Petals (corolla)
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Colored part of the flower
Attract insects or other
natural pollinators
Parts of the Flower
Stamen (Male)
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Pollen
Anther
Filament
Pistil (Female)
Flower Parts
Anther
Filament
The Seed
Parts of the seed:
 Seed Coat offers protection
 Endosperm supplies food for the
seed
 Embryo is the young plant
The Seed
Endosperm
Germination
 The seed starts to sprout and grow
 Requires four environmental factors:
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Water
Air
Light
Temperature
Environmental Factors
 Water imbibition (absorption of water)
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Tough seed coat
Scarifying seeds
 Air is needed for respiration
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Seeds are viable or alive
Environmental Factors
 Light
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Some seeds need light while others do not
 Seeds must have the right temperature to
germinate
Asexual Propagation
 Cutting vegetative parts of the plant:
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leaf cuttings
root cuttings
stem cuttings
layering
grafting
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T-budding
tissue culture (micropropagation)
Stem Cutting
Division or Separation
Grafting
Layering
Plant Science
Objective: Analyze basic soil
and media requirements for
growth of agricultural
crops
Soil and Plant Media
 Soil is the top layer of the earth's surface
 Sphagunm moss
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root growth
 Perlite
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volcanic glass
starting new plants
media mixes
Soil and Plant Media
 Vermiculite
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mineral mica-type material
stating plant seeds
cuttings
media mixes
Soil and Plant Media
 Peat Moss
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used in media mixes
Soil pH
 Improper pH affects availability of nutrients
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limits plant intake
Acid
2
5
Neutral
7
8
10
Alkaline
Amending soil pH
Amending soil pH
Amending soil pH
 Lime is usually applied as finely ground
dolomitic limestone
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calcium
magnesium
Fertilizers
Objective: Explain nutrient
requirements and soil
amendments needed for
growth of agricultural
crops
Problem…
 You hear of farmers and landowners
applying fertilizer quite often. You figure
that you should as well so that you can also
have a nice garden or landscape.
 You go to Lowe’s and see several types of
fertilizer. Which one do you choose? Why?
Fertilizers
Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium
Example: 10-10-10
Fertilizers
Potassium
Fertilizers
 Fertilizers must become soluble (liquid form)
before they can be used by plants
 Organic fertilizers
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Manure
Bone meal (phosphorus)
Soybean meal
Fertilizers
 Organic fertilizers
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slow acting
long lasting
lacking some primary nutrients
 Inorganic
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High level of nutrients
Foliar Application
 Done by spraying
fertilizer on leaves of
plant
Plant Science Tools
Tools
 Pole pruner
 Best tool to use when pruning limbs in
high places
Tools
 Bush Axe
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Best when cutting
bushes & undergrowth
Tools
 Lopping shears
 Best tool to cut large branches when
pruning shrubs that are somewhat thick
or hard to reach
Tools
 Planting bar
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Best tool used to set out tree seedlings
Tools
 Grafting tool
 Best tool for
preparing a plant to
be joined to another
plant asexually
Tools
 Pruning saw
 Best tool for sawing limbs from shrubbery &
trees
Tools
 Pruning shears
 Best tool for pruning small
limbs to shape shrubbery
Tools
 Hedge Shears
 Best tool for shaping
shrubbery into a continuous
row for screening
Tools
 Chain saw
 Best tool for cutting
large trees & limbs