Transcript Teacher Quality Grant - Gulf Coast State College

Biology Partnership
(A Teacher Quality Grant)
Plants
Classification &
Structure and Function
January 25, 2014
Nancy Dow
Jill Hansen
Tammy Stundon
Gulf Coast State College
Panhandle Area Educational Consortium
5230 West Highway 98
753 West Boulevard
Panama City, Florida 32401
Chipley, Florida 32428
850-769-1551
877-873-7232
www.gulfcoast.edu
Pre-test
Q and A board
What is vascular tissue?
How are plants classified?
What makes flowering plants so special?
Florida Next Generation Sunshine
State Standards
• SC.912.L.14.7 Relate the structure of each of
the major plant organs and tissues to
physiological processes.
• Benchmark Clarifications
– Students will explain how the structures of plant
tissues and organs are directly related to their
roles in physiological processes.
Item Specs
• Content Limits
– Items will assess the function of plant tissues and organs in
the context of physiological processes.
– Items will not assess specific functions of structures within
organs and tissues in isolation.
– Items assessing plant organs are limited to roots, stems,
leaves, flowers, fruits, and cones.
– Items referring to physiological processes are limited to
photosynthesis, cellular respiration, transpiration, growth,
and reproduction.
– Items assessing plant tissues are limited to meristematic,
ground, dermal, and vascular tissues.
– Items referring to plant structures are limited to cambium,
guard cells, phloem, root hairs, root cap, seed, stomata,
xylem, stamen, pistil, ovary, petals, sperm, egg, sepal,
filament, anther, style, and stigma.
– Items will not address or assess mitosis or meiosis.
Vimeo
Introduction to Plants
• Introduction of Plants
Plant Classification
Carousel Activity
Plants have specialized cells and tissue
systems.
• Meristematic cellsundifferentiated plant cells
that can divide and
differentiate to form
specialized cells.
• give rise to all three
fundamental mature cell
types.
Plant tissues are made of three basic cell types.
• Parenchyma cells are the most common
plant cell type.
– store starch, oils and
water
– help heal wounds to
the plant
– have thin flexible walls
• Collenchyma cells provide support to a growing plant.
– they are strong and flexible.
– celery strings are strands of collenchyma.
– they have unevenly thick cell walls.
• Sclerenchyma cells are the strongest plant cell type.
– second cell wall hardened by lignin
– die when they reach maturity
– used by humans to make linen and rope
Types of plant cells
Plant organs are made of three tissue systems.
• Dermal tissue covers the outside of a plant.
– protects the plant
– secretes cuticle of leaves
– forms outer bark of trees
stem
leaf
root
• Ground tissue is found inside a plant.
–
–
–
provides support
stores materials in roots and
stems
Make up most of the inside
of a plant
stem
leaf
root
• Vascular tissue transports water, minerals and organic
compounds.
– two networks of hollow
tubes
– xylem transports water
and minerals (WXY)
– phloem transports
photosynthetic products
stem
leaf
root
The Vascular System
Water and dissolved minerals move through xylem.
• Xylem contains specialized cells.
– xylem cells die at maturity
tracheid
vessel
element
The Vascular System
• The cohesion-tension theory explains water movement.
– Plants passively transport water through the
xylem.
– Cohesion is the tendency of water molecules to
bond with each other.
– Adhesion is the
tendency of water
molecules to bond
with other
substances.
The Vascular System
• Water travels from roots to the top of trees.
– absorption occurs at roots through osmosis
– cohesion and adhesion in xylem
– transpiration at leaves
The Vascular System
• Transpiration is the loss of water
vapor through leaves.
– water vapor exits leaf stomata
– helps pull water to the top
branches
– Major force creates a
vacuum that pulls water up.
The Vascular System
Phloem carries sugars from photosynthesis
throughout the plant.
• Phloem contains specialized cells.
– unlike xylem, phloem tissue is
alive
• Source: Chloroplast in leaves
– Sugar is pumped into phloem and
water flows into phloem through
osmosis.
• Sink: roots, leaves and stems, fruits
and tubers
Plant Organs: Roots, Stems and Leaves
KEY CONCEPT
Roots and stems form the support system of vascular
plants. Leaves absorb light and carry out
photosynthesis.
Parts of Plants foldable
Roots and Stems
Roots anchor plants and absorb
mineral
nutrients
and
water
from
soil.
• Roots provide many functions.
– support the plant
– absorb, transport, and store
nutrients
– root hairs tiny extensions of
dermal cells that absorb
water through osmosis
– Meristem - composed of
rapidly multiplying cells.
– Root cap - envelope that
protects the root as it pushes
through the soil.
Roots, Stems and Leaves
• There are two main types of roots.
– Fibrous root systems have fine branches.
– Taproot systems have one main root.
Roots and Stems
Stems support plants, transport materials, and
provide storage.
• Stems have many functions.
– support leaves and flowers
– house most of the vascular system
– store water
Baobab trees
Cactus
Roots and Stems
Stems support plants, transport materials, and
provide storage.
• Stems have many functions.
– support leaves and flowers
– house most of the vascular system
– store water
– grow underground for storage
Ginger rhizomes
Potato tubers
Roots and Stems
Stems support plants, transport materials, and
provide storage.
• Stems have many functions.
– support leaves and flowers
– house most of the vascular system
– store water
– grow underground for storage
– form new plants
Strawberry
stolons
Meristematic tissue
• Areas within the plant that are capable of growth (cell
division) are called meristems.
• Primary Growth
– Primary growth occurs only at the shoot and root tips
in areas called apical meristems.
• Secondary Growth
– Lateral meristems produce new cells that make the
stems and roots thicker.
– There are two kinds of lateral meristems, the vascular
cambium and the cork cambium. These lateral
meristems form as rings within the plant body as the
stem increases in thickness.
Roots and Stems
• Some stems are herbaceous and conduct photosynthesis.
• Some stems can be woody, and form protective bark.
Leaves
Most leaves share some similar structures.
• The blade is usually
broad and flat.
– Top of leaves are
primarily for collecting
sunlight for photosynthesis
– Stomata are located on the
underside of leaves and
are for gas exchange and
transpiration
– Petiole- connects the leaf
to the stem
blade
petiole
Leaves
• Leaves have many adaptations.
– for extreme temperatures,
ex: pine needles
– for water loss,
ex: cactus spines
– for aquatic environments,
ex: water lily
– for getting food,
ex: Venus’ flytrap
Leaves
• Mesophyll is between the leaf’s dermal tissue
layers.
cuticle
upper
epidermis
palisade
mesophyll
spongy
mesophyll
lower
epidermis
21.4 Leaves
• Guard cells surround each stoma.
– Stomata open and close when guard cells change
shape.
– When stomata are open, water evaporates and gas
exchanges.
– Stomata close at night and when plant loses too
much water.
guard cells
stoma
Stomata lab
Domino Vocabulary Review
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
KEY CONCEPT
Reproduction of flowering plants takes place within
flowers.
Flower foldable
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by
specialized leaves.
• Petals are modified leaves.
– Petals can help to attract animal pollinators
– Colors are like neon lights on a landing
strip
petal
Sepal are modified leaves that protect the developing flower
.
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
• A stamen is the male structure of the flower.
– anther produces pollen grains
– filament supports the anther
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
• The innermost layer of a flower is the female pistil (carpel).
– stigma is sticky tip
– style is tube leading from stigma to ovary
– ovary produces female gametophyte
A single pistil consisting of
several fused carpels (A) and
several pistils each consisting of
a single carpel (B)
FLOWER STRUCTURE
STAMEN
Male reproductive structure
Pollination begins when a pollen grain
sticks to the stigma----which is sticky.
ANTHER
Produces pollen
FILAMENT
Supporting stalk
CARPEL
Female reproductive
structure
STIGMA
Sticky tip
STYLE
Elongated stalk
OVARY
Contains the ovules
Flower Dissection
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
• Animal pollinated flowers have larger flowers and less
pollen.
– many flowering plants pollinated by animal
pollinators
pollen grains
– pollination occurs as animal feeds from flower to flower
– animal pollination more efficient than wind pollination
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Fertilization takes place within the flower.
• Male gametophytes, or pollen grains, are produced in the
anthers.
pollen grain
• One female gametophyte can form in each ovule of a
flower’s ovary.
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
• Pollination occurs when a pollen grain lands on a
stigma.
pollen tube
sperm
stigma
– one cell from pollen grain forms pollen tube
– other cell forms two sperm that travel down tube
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
• Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilization.
female
gametophyte
egg
sperm
polar nuclei
ovule
Double Fertilization
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants
• Flowering plants go through the process of double
endosperm
fertilization.
– one sperm fertilizes the
egg
seed coat
– other sperm unites with
polar nuclei, forming
endosperm
– endosperm provides
food supply for embryo
– The main purpose of the
seed in plants that have
them is to protect the
and distribute the zygote
embryo
Parts of the seed
•A cotyledon is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of
a plant.
•Upon germination, the cotyledon usually becomes the embryonic
first leaves of a seedling.
•Monocots have one cotyledon; Dicots have two cotyledons.
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
• Each ovule becomes a seed.
• The surrounding ovary grows into a fruit.
Parts of a fruit
• Tomato
Peach
Quiz-Quiz-Trade
Websites
Board Book Giveaway
https://www.23andme.com/yousharegeneswithme/
Follow up
•Q & A
•Post Test