Transcript Reproduction in Plants

Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants
Section 1: Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Section 2: Flowers
Section 3: Flowering Plants
Click on a lesson name to select.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Vegetative Reproduction
 The plants that result
from vegetative
reproduction are clones
of the original plant
because their genetic
makeups are identical
to the original plant.
Strawberry plant
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Advantages of Vegetative Reproduction
 It is faster to grow new plants than from a
spore or a seed.
 The resultant plants are more uniform in their
characteristics.
 The only way to produce some fruits that do
not produce seeds
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Natural Vegetative Reproduction
 When conditions are
dry, some mosses dry
out, break apart, and
are scattered by the
wind.
 When conditions improve,
some of these pieces are able to resume
growth in a new location.
Moss
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Humans Use Vegetative Reproduction
 Farmers, horticulturists, and scientists can use
buds, leaves, stems, or root pieces from certain
plants to grow new plants.
 A few cells of plant tissue can be placed on
nutrient agar in sterile conditions to produce
hundreds of identical plants.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Alternation of Generations
 The life cycle of most plants includes a diploid (2n)
sporophyte stage and a haploid (n) gametophyte
stage.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
 The gametophyte stage produces gametes—
egg and sperm.
 In nonvascular plants, the sperm must have a
small amount of water to get to the egg.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
 In vascular plants, the sperm may be carried by
the wind, or another vector such as an insect.
 Fertilization of the egg by the sperm forms a cell
that is the first cell of the sporophyte stage.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Moss Reproduction and Life Cycle
 The life cycle of the mosses begins with the
dominant stage, the gametophyte.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
 There are both male and female forms of the
gametophyte.
 Eggs are produced
in the female
structure, called the
archegonium.
 Sperm are produced
in the male structure, called the antheridium.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
 Sperm require water to swim to the egg.
 The chemical that allows sperm to find the
egg is chemotaxis.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
 The mature
sporophyte consists
of a stalk that grows
in the gametophyte
stage.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
 At the tip of the stalk is a capsule where up
to 50 million spores may form by meiosis.
 The spores produce a protonema that can
develop into the gametophyte plant and start
a new cycle.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Fern Reproduction and
Life Cycle
 Another life cycle that has
alternation of generations
and produces spores is
that of the fern.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
 Spores are produced from
the sori, on the underside of
a frond.
 If a fern spore lands on
damp, rich soil, it can grow
and form a tiny, heartshaped gametophyte
called a prothallus.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
 Fertilization produces a
sporophyte that grows
from the prothallus.
 The young sporophyte
develops into a frond to
start the cycle over again.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Conifer Reproduction and Life Cycle
 Conifers are heterosporus—they produce two
types of
spores that
develop
into male
and female
groups.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Female Cones
 At the base of each scale on a female cone
are two ovules.
 Each ovule has a megasporangium that
produces megaspores.
 One of the megaspores develops into the
female gametophyte.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Male Cones
 Each scale on the male cone contains
hundreds of sporangia.
 The sporangia produce microspores,
which produce the male gametophyte,
or pollen grain.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Pollination
 Pollination occurs when the pollen grain from
one species of a plant lands on the female
reproductive structure of a plant of the same
species.
 The pollen grain is trapped in a sticky substance
called the pollen drop which is located near the
micropyle.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Seed Development
 Seed development within the cone may take as
long as three years.
 The seed embryo will use the cotyledons for
photosynthesis upon sprouting.
Conifer’s Life Cycle
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Flowers
Flower Organs
 Flowers are the
reproductive
structures of
anthophytes.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Flowers
 Flowers have several
organs that provide
protection or support,
or are involved in the
reproductive process.
 There are basically four structures—sepals,
petals, stamen, and pistils.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Flowers
 Sepals may be green and look like leaves
and petals.
 Petals attract animal pollinators and provide
a landing pad.
 Sepals and petals open and close to protect
the reproductive parts of the flower.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Flowers
 Most flowers have several stamen—the male
reproductive organ—surrounding the central
part of the flower.
 The filament stalk supports the anther, which
contains the pollen grains.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Flowers
Flower Adaptations
 Structural differences
 Flowers that have sepals, petals, stamens,
and one or more pistils are called complete
flowers.
 If a flower is missing one or more of these
organs, it is an incomplete flower.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Flowers
 Flowers that have both stamens and pistils
are called perfect flowers.
 An imperfect flower has either functional
stamens or pistils.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Flowers
 The number of flower organs distinguishes
dicots and eudicots from monocots.
 Monocots generally have multiples of three.
 When the petal number is a multiple of four
or five, the plant is either a dicot or a eudicot.
 The number of other organs often is the
same multiple of three, four, or five.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Flowers
Pollination Mechanisms
 Flower adaptations that relate to pollination
include flower size, shape, color, and petal
arrangements.
 Animal pollination
 Wind pollination
 Self pollination
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Flowers
Photoperiodism
 The flowering response to the number of
hours of uninterrupted darkness is known as
photoperiodism.
 Flowering plants are divided into four different
groups based on the critical period.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Flowers
Short-day Photoperiodism
 A short-day plant flowers when exposed daily
to a number of hours of darkness that is greater
than its critical period.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Flowers
Long-day Photoperiodism
 A long-day plant flowers when the number
of hours of darkness is less than its critical
period.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Flowers
Intermediate-day Photoperiodism
 An intermediate-day plant flowers as long
as the number of hours of darkness is
neither too great or too few.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Flowers
Day-neutral Photoperiodism
 A day-neutral plant flowers over a range in
the number of hours of darkness.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.3 Flowering Plants
Life Cycle
 The life cycle of
a flowering
plant includes
gametophyte
and sporophyte
generations.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.3 Flowering Plants
Results of Reproduction
 Fertilization is only the beginning of a long
process that ends with the formation of a seed.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.3 Flowering Plants
Seed and Fruit Development
 The sporophyte begins as a zygote, or a 2n cell.
 The zygote undergoes numerous cell divisions
to form an embryo.
 Nourishment for the embryo comes from a
tissue called the endosperm.
Double Fertilization
in Flowering Plants
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.3 Flowering Plants
 As the endospore matures, the outside
layers of the ovule harden and form a
protective tissue called the seed coat.
 As the ovule develops into a seed, changes
occur in the ovary that lead to the formation
of fruit.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.3 Flowering Plants
Seed Germination
 When the embryo in a seed starts to grow, the
process is called germination.
 The first part of the
embryo to appear
outside the seed is
the radicle.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.3 Flowering Plants
 The hypocotyl is the first part of the seed to
appear above ground.
 The cotyledons will provide nourishment for
the seedling until photosynthesis begins.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
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Animation
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Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
What term is used to describe the process
in which new plants grow from parts of an
existing plant?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. budding
B. regeneration
C. vegetative reproduction
D. sexual reproduction
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
What is the threadlike structure of a spore
which develops into a gametophyte?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. chemotaxis
B. prothallus
C. protonema
D. microspore
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
What structure of the plant embryo first
appears outside the seed?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. cotyledon
B. first leaf
C. hypocotyls
D. radicle
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Formative
Questions
Which scientist uses plant cells to grow new
plant tissues on nutrient agar?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. botanical technologist
B. horticulture specialist
C. plant physiologist
D. tissue-culture technician
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Formative
Questions
What is the term for the movement of
cells in response to a chemical?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. chemitropism
B. chemotaxis
C. chemiosmosis
D. hydrochemisis
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Formative
Questions
What is the tiny heart-shaped gametophyte
produced from a fern spore called?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. frond
B. sorus
C. prothallus
D. protonema
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Formative
Questions
What is the term for a plant that produces
two types of spores that develop into male
or female gametophytes?
0%
0%
C
A
B
C
D
B
A
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
D
A. bisporous
B. diasporous
C. gametosporous
D. heterosporous
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.1 Formative
Questions
In conifers, how are pollen grains produced
by a male cone transported to a female cone?
0%
0%
C
A
B
C
D
B
A
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
D
A. animals
B. fire
C. water
D. wind
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Formative
Questions
What type of flowers are either male
reproductive organs or female reproductive
organs, not both?
0%
0%
C
A
B
C
D
B
A
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
D
A. complete flowers
B. incomplete flowers
C. perfect flowers
D. imperfect flowers
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Formative
Questions
What is a characteristic of plants that are
pollinated by animals?
0%
0%
C
A
B
C
D
B
A
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
D
A. brightly-colored petals
B. large pistils
C. long stamens
D. many sepals
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Formative
Questions
Which type of plant flowers when the number
of hours of darkness is less than its critical
period?
A. short-day plant
B. long-day plant
1. A
2. B
0%
B
A
0%
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.2 Formative
Questions
Which type of plants generally has flower
organs in multiples of three?
0%
0%
C
A
B
C
D
B
A
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
D
A. monocots
B. dicots
C. tricots
D. eudicots
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.3 Formative
Questions
What is the dominant generation in flowering
plants?
0%
0%
C
A
B
C
D
B
A
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
D
A. anthophyte
B. gametophyte
C. saprophyte
D. sporophyte
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.3 Formative
Questions
From what plant organ does a fruit develop?
0%
0%
C
A
B
C
D
B
A
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
D
A. anther
B. ovary
C. stigma
D. style
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.3 Formative
Questions
How does the dispersal of seeds increase the
survival rate of offspring?
0%
0%
0%
D
A
B
C
D
C
A
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
B
A. It increases
genetic diversity.
B. It limits the spread
of disease.
C. It reduces competition.
D. It results in
new adaptations.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.3 Formative
Questions
What begins the process of seed germination?
0%
0%
C
A
B
C
D
B
A
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
D
A. absorption of water
B. appearance of
the radicle
C. breakdown of
the endosperm
D. growth of cotyledons
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
23.3 Formative
Questions
What is an adaptation that increases the
survival rate of seeds exposed to harsh
conditions?
0%
0%
0%
D
A
B
C
D
C
A
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
B
A. dormancy
B. photoperiodism
C. alternation of generations
D. internal germination
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Which flower organ
is indicated?
A. pistil
B. spore
C. stamen
D. sepal
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
D
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Photoperiodism is associated with what
plant necessity?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. hours of daylight
B. hours of darkness
C. ability to perform
photosynthesis
D. ability to reproduce
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Chapter Assessment
Questions
What is the food source for the embryo in a
eudicot seed?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. seed coat
B. endosperm
C. cotyledon
D. radicle
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Standardized Test
Practice
What occurs when a new plant grows at the
end of a parent plant’s runner or stolon?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. artificial duplication
B. botanic replication
C. organic cloning
D. vegetative reproduction
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Standardized Test
Practice
What are the first
cells of the
gametophyte stage?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. gametes
B. spores
C. zygotes
D. gametophyte cells
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Standardized Test
Practice
How are flowering plants heterosporous?
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
0%
D
1.
2.
3.
4.
C
A. Antheridia produce sperm;
archegonia produce eggs.
B. Females produce pollen
grains; males develop ovules.
C. Pistils produce megaspores;
stamens produce microspores.
D. Gametophytes produce female
spores; sporophytes produce
male spores.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Standardized Test
Practice
What is this multinucleated
cell called?
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
0%
D
1.
2.
3.
4.
C
A. ovule
B. pollen grain
C. female gametophyte
D. male megaspore
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Standardized Test
Practice
A pollen grain from one species of plant lands
on the stigma of a plant that is a different
species. How is fertilization prevented?
0%
0%
0%
D
A
B
C
D
C
A
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
B
A. The pollen grain cannot
undergo mitosis.
B. The sperm nucleus
cannot fuse with the egg.
C. The pollen grain cannot
produce a pollen tube.
D. The pollen tube cannot
produce sperm nuclei.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Standardized Test
Practice
Which fertilization results in the endosperm?
1. A
2. B
A
A
0%
0%
B
B
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Standardized Test
Practice
Which seed is a monocot?
A.
1. A
2. B
A
0%
0%
B
B.
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
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Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Image Bank
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Image Bank
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Vocabulary
Section 1
vegetative
reproduction
chemotaxis
protonema
prothallus
heterosporus
megaspore
microspore
micropyle
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Vocabulary
Section 2
sepal
petal
stamen
pistil
photoperiodism
short-day plant
long-day plant
intermediate-day
plant
day-neutral plant
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Vocabulary
Section 3
polar nuclei
endosperm
seed coat
germination
radicle
hypocotyl
dormancy
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Animation
 Alternation of Generations
 Moss’s Life Cycle
 Conifer’s Life Cycle
 Organs of a Flower
 Visualizing Pollination
 Double Fertilization in Plants
 Germination of a Bean Seed
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants