Transcript Communities and Biomes

Communities and
Biomes
Community
• Collection of several interacting
populations that inhabit a
common ecosystem.
Why do Animals and
Plants live where they
do?
Limiting Factors
• Environmental factors that
affect an organism’s ability to
survive in its environment, such
as food, predators, and
temperature.
• Any biotic or abiotic factor that
restricts the existence, numbers,
reproduction, or distribution of
organisms.
• Lack of Water - Less grass less grass seeds - less mice less hawks - less bird
watchers...
Liebigs Law of the
Minimum
• The success of an organism
depends on several
requirements, if one of these is
present in minimal quantities
this will limit the organism
regardless of the abundance of
the others.
50
45
40
35
30
Minerals in the
Soil
25
20
15
10
5
0
P
Fe
K
N
Ca
Mg
Limiting Factor = Nitrogen
• No matter how much of the
other minerals you have once
you run out of nitrogen plants
can not grow. So nitrogen in
this example is the limiting
factor.
DEER
• Winter Range is the limiting
factor for deer.
Shelford’s Law of Tolerance
• Organisms have an ecological
maximum and minimum, with a
range in between which
represents the “limits of
tolerance”.
Succession
• The orderly replacement of one
community with another.
2Types of succession
• Primary (1°) - Occurs where no
community had previously
occupied the site.
• Bare rock, Sand dune, Glacial
till, volcanoes, open water.
• Secondary (2°) - Occurs where
the original community has
been disturbed or destroyed
• Fire, drought, flood, disease,
insects, over grazing, timber
harvest, agriculture, volcano.
Pioneer Organisms
• The first species into an area.
• Lichen
• Bare Rock
–Lichens
•Mosses
–Ferns, Shrubs, grasses
»Pines
»Hardwoods
• Open water
–algae
•submergents
–Floating leafed plants
»Emergents cattails
»Bog shrubs, grasses
»Bog trees
Climax Community
• A stable mature community that
undergoes little or no change in
species.
• Do Section Assessment 3.1
page 71 #1-6.
Biome
• Major Biotic region of the
world characterized by the
dominant vegetation.
Biomes of North America
• Polar
• Tundra
• Taiga-Boreal Forest-Coniferous
forest
• Deciduous forest
Biomes of North America
• Tropical Rain forest
• Tall Grass prairie
• Mid or Mixed Grass prairie
• Short Grass plains
Biomes of North America
• Mountain Complex
• Cold Desert
• Hot Desert
• Temperate Rain Forest
Desert Biome
• Deserts of the U.S.
• Cold desert
• Hot desert
–Mojave
–Sonoran
–Chihuahuan
Cold Desert
• Location:
– Utah, Nevada, Oregon, S.E. Washington
– S. Idaho, E. California
Mojave
• Characteristic Plant:
–Joshua Tree
• Location:
–S. Cal., S. Nev, SW. Utah
Sonoran
• Characteristic Plant:
–Saguaro Cactus
• Location:
–S. Az, N. Mexico
Chihuahuan
• Characteristic Plant:
–None
• Location:
–S. New Mexico, W. Texas, N.
Mexico
Fun Facts about Deserts
• 20% of the earth's surface is a
desert.
• Desertification: Where
grassland turns to desert. (OK.
Dust bowl)
REASONS FOR DESERTS
• Location @ 30° N & S latitude.
• Rain Shadow
• Remote from source of oceanic
moisture.
• Wind blowing over cold oceans.
Characteristics of Deserts
• Low & Erratic ppt. 10” or less.
• Extreme seasonal & diurnal
temperatures.
• Sting winds
• High UV radiation
• low humidities
Plant Adaptations
• Leaves modified to spines.
• Reduced leaf size
• drop leaves during dry periods
• succulence
Plant adaptations
• Shallow wide spreading roots
• Thick cuticle
• Small in size
• Stomate open only at night
Animal Adaptations
• Nocturnal or Crepuscular (dawn
or dusk)
• Scales or Shells (reptiles)
• Burrowing (#1biome)
• Efficient Kidneys
Animal Adaptations
• Concentrated Feces.
• Large surface to volume ratio
• Estivation: inactivity due to
heat
TUNDRA
• Finnish word: Treeless plain
Reasons for Tundra
• Location: above 60° N or S
latitude.
• Long days in summer
• Long nights in winter
• low temperatures
Characteristics of tundra
• Short vegetation - trees are
dwarf
• Permafrost
• Cryoplanation: sculpturing of
the landscape by cold.
• Soil infertile and acidic
Characteristics of tundra
• Very little bacteria or fungi in
soil. (too cold)
• Less than 10” of rain per year.
Plant adaptations
• Low growing and spreading
near the ground.
• Vegetative reproduction
common.
• Produce seed and grow quickly.
Animal Adaptations
• Dense fur or feathers
• Small surface per body volume
ratio
• Thick layers of fat
• small or short appendages
• color dimorphism
Animal Adaptations
• Migration
• Feathered tarsi
• Large feet
• Produce their own antifreeze
Important facts of the Tundra
• Lichens: most important plant
in food chain.
• Lemming: most important
animal in food chain.
Grassland
• Major grassland on every
continent.
• Eurasia: Steppe
• South America: Pampas
• North America: Plain, Prairie
• Africa: Veld
Reasons for Grasslands
• Location: Between equator and
30° N & S latitude. Between
deserts and forests.
• Ppt. 10”- 30”
Characteristics
• High evaporation rates
• Mainly grazing or burrowing
animals.
• Flat & Rolling hills.
• Sever weather, floods, tornadoes,
thunderstorms, freezing temps,
droughts.
Characteristics
• Support lots of grazing animals.
–50 - 60 million bison in one herd.
• If you stand on a shoebox and look
out across the grassland you can
see the back of your head.
Plant Adaptations
• Intercalary meristems:
Growing part of plant is @ or
below ground level.
• Form bunches
• form sod: interlocking roots
• Shallow root system
Plant Adaptation
• Flower at different time of the
year.
• Flexible stem
• Long and narrow stem
• Fast growing
Animal Adaptations
• Burrowing, (#2 biome)
• Strong flight or running
• Protective coloration
• Strong vision
Animal Adaptations
• Startle
• Hopping motion
AQUATIC BIOMES
• Marine Biome:
• Ocean = 70% - 75% of Earth's
surface.
• Contains lots of water.
Inter-tidal Zone
• Fresh/saltwater
• Wet/Dry
• Pounding surf
• strong currents
• Plenty of light
Animals found here
• Sea urchins, chitons, clams,
mussels, oysters, oyster
catchers, sea anemones, crabs,
sea stars, small algae.
Neritic Zone
• Good light
• Strong currents
• Lots of minerals
• Most marine life found here
• Lots of Plankton
Animals found here
• Squid, fish, protozoans,
plankton, large algae, crabs,
lobster, sea turtles, whales, ship
wreck victims,etc.
Photic Zone
• Good light
• Low amount of minerals
• little life
• open ocean
Animals found here
• Not much
Aphotic Zone
• No light at all
• abyssal organisms
• near freezing temperatures
• reduced skeletal structure
• large stomachs
Animals found here
• Weird and Strange Stuff,
Glowing in the dark, scary
looking things.
Benthic Zone
• On the bottom
• silt, sand, mud
• Low visibility
• Food scraps
Animals
• Things that crawl or are flat etc.
Estuary
• Biome where freshwater meets
saltwater.
• Bays, mud flats, salt marshes.
Characteristics
• Plenty of Light
• Shallow water
• Lots of minerals
• High variation in temp &
salinity
• Exposure to air
Things you find there
• Clams
• sea worms
• mud
• water
• Salt grass
• etc.
Freshwater Biome
• 2 main kinds of lakes:
• Oligotrophic
• Eutrophic
Oligotrophic lakes
• Young lake
• 50’ + deep
• Blue to green in color
• Very little shallow water
Oligotrophic lakes
• Bottom “V” shaped
• low fertility
• High dissolved oxygen
• Low fish population
Oligotrophic lakes
• Examples:
–Bear Like
–Fish Lake
Oligotrophic lakes
• Types of fish:
–Lake trout
–White fish
–Cisco
Eutrophic Lake
• Eutrophication: Addition or
introduction of organic matter
into a lake. Aging process of a
lake.
Eutrophic Lake
• Older lakes
• shallower 50’ or less
• green to yellow in color
• considerable shallow water
Eutrophic Lake
• Lots of shoreline vegetation
• bottom a wide “U” shape
• High fertility
• Low dissolved oxygen
• fish population high
Eutrophic Lake
• Examples:
–Utah lake
–Panguitch lake
–Cutler reservoir
Eutrophic Lake
• Types of fish:
–Bass
–Perch
–Blue gill
–Crappie
Lake vs. River
• Lake: No current or very little
current
• River: Strong current
Adaptations for living in a
strong current
• Streamlined body
• Strong pectoral fins
• Pointed nose
Parts of a Fish
• ASK YOUR TEACHER TO
DRAW AND LABEL A FISH
FOR YOU.
Categories of Fish in Utah
• Game: Trout, bass, pike.
• Trash: Sucker, Carp, Utah Chub.
• Forage: Minnows, sculpins,
shiners.
• Panfish: Perch, Crappie, Blue gill.
• Commercial: Salmon
DONE
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