Transcript lec 8 japaneselandscape

Japanese Gardens
Dr. Eng. Sulaiman. R. S. Wafi
Second semester 2016
8th lecture -8th week
Contents
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Introduction
Essential Aspects
Design Principles
Basic rules in the design of Japanese gardens
Elements of Japanese Garden
Types of Japanese Gardens
Introduction
• The art of gardening is believed to be an important part of
Japanese culture for many centuries.
• The garden design in Japan is strongly connected to the
philosophy and religion of the country.
• Shinto, Buddhism and Taoism were used in the creation
of different garden styles in order to bring a spiritual sense
to the gardens and make them places where people could
spend their time in a peaceful way and meditate.
Essential Aspects
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The line between garden
and its surrounding
landscape is not distinct.
• Gardens incorporate natural
and artificial elements and
thus, fuse the elements of
nature and architecture.
• In the Japanese garden, the
viewer should consider
nature as a picture frame
into which the garden, or the
man- made work of art, is
inserted.
Design Principles
• Nature is the ideal that you must strive for. You can idealize it,
even symbolize it, but you must never create something that
nature itself cannot.
• Balance. The proportions and spaces are an essential Design
principle.
• The “emptiness ‫ ”الفراغ‬of portions of the garden. This space,
defines the elements around it, and is also defined by the
elements surrounding it. It is the true spirit of yin and yang.
Without nothing, you cannot have something. It is a central tenet
of Japanese gardening.
Formality ‫الشكلية‬
• Hill and pond and flat styles can be (formal‫) رسمية‬,
(intermediate‫ ) وسطية‬or so (informal).
• Formal styles were most often found at temples or palaces,
• the intermediate styles were appropriate for most
residences, and
• the informal style was relegated to peasant huts and
mountain retreats. The tea garden is always in the informal
style.
The Changes With Seasons
• In spring one revels in the bright green of new buds ‫ براعم‬and
the blossoms ‫ أزهار‬of the trees.
• In summer you appreciate the contrasts of the lush foliage ‫أوراق‬
‫ األشجار الخضراء‬painted against the cool shadows and the splash
of in the pond.
• Fall wrests the brilliant colors from dying leaves as they slip
into the deathly hush of winter, the garden buried under a shroud
of snow.
• Winters is as much a garden season in Japan as spring. The
Japanese refer to snow piled on the branches of trees as sekku,
or snow blossoms, and there is a lantern known as yukimi that is
named the snow viewing lantern.
POND
WATERFALL
Rock – an important feature
Basic rules in the design of Japanese
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Natural: that should make the garden look as if it grew by itself
Asymmetry: that creates the impression of it being natural
Odd numbers: It supports the effect of the asymmetry
Simplicity: that follows the idea of 'less is more'
Triangle: that is the most common shape for compositions
made of stones, plants, etc.
Contrast‫ التباين‬: that creates tension between elements.
Lines: that can create both tranquillity‫ هدوء‬and tension.
Curves: that softens the effect.
Openness: that indicates interaction between all elements.
Basic elements in Japanese gardens
• a stone lantern representing four natural elements: earth, water,
fire and wind
• statues‫ التماثيل‬of male and female lions, placed at the entrance of
the garden.
• water basin known as a deer chaser, which keep deer away by
making a special sound when filled up.
• the koi fish swimming in ponds, which has a decorative
meaning.
• typical Japanese bridge, called a moonbridge, whose purpose
is to reflect artistic feelings.
Elements of
Japanese's Gardens
• Ponds, waterfalls, wells,
bridges (real or symbolic)
• Stepping stones, Garden paths
• Stone water basins, stone
lanterns
• Garden plants and trees
• Fences and walls
• Stones
Water
•It represents the sea, lake, pond or
river in nature.
•Non geometrical in appearance; in
order to preserve the natural shapes,
man- made ponds are asymmetrical.
• The bank of the pond is usually
bordered by stones
•A fountain is sometimes found at the
bottom of a hill or hillside or secluded
forest.
•Wells are sometimes found in a
Japanese garden.
Paths
• Usually used in tea gardens.
• flat stepping stones served to
preserve the grass as well as
orient the viewer to a specific
visual experience.
• step- stones are found near the
veranda or entrance of the
house or tea room. The visitor
of the house or room is
expected to place his shoes on
the step- stone before
entering.
Plants
• Garden of the 10th to 12th centuries
contained cherry‫الكرز‬, plum trees‫البرقوق‬,
pines ‫ الصنوبر‬and willows ‫الصفصاف‬.
Japanese Fir
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Scientific Name: Abies Firma
Habitat: Evergreen
Texture: Coarse
Height: 40’ to 70’
Leaf: 1.5" dark green needles are
notched at base; sharp prickly point
• Flower/Fruit: 3.5 to 5" brown cones
Japanese Stripped – bark maple
• Scientific Name: Acer
capillipes
• Habit: Deciduous
• Growth Rate: Moderate
• Site Requirements: Sun to
partial shade; prefers moist,
well drained soil
• Texture: Medium
• Form: Round head; low
branches
• Height: 30 to 35’
• Flower/Fruit: Greenish white
flowers on 2.5 to 4" pendulous
raceme; attractive samara in
fall
Japanese Maple
• Scientific Name: Acer palmatum
• Growth Rate: Slow to moderate
• Site Requirements: Light dappled
shade; evenly moist, well drained
soil; protect from drying winds
• Texture: Medium to fine
• Form: Low; dense rounded top;
spreading branches; assumes a
layered look
• Height: 15 to 25'
• Flower/Fruit: Small red to purple
flowers; attractive if viewed closely
but insignificant from a distance
Japanese Alder
• Scientific Name: Alnus japonica
• Site Requirements: Sun to
partial shade; range of soil types
including wet and infertile soil
• Form: Slender, narrow upright
habit
• Height: 12 to 25’
• Leaf: Oval, narrow leaves
• Flower/Fruit: Yellow brown to
red brown catkins (male flowers);
female flowers on short purplish
brown strobili which persist until
winter
Japanese Angelica tree
• Scientific Name: Aralia elata
• Growth Rate: Rapid
• Site Requirements: Sun to
partial shade; range of soil
types but prefers moist, well
drained soil
• Texture: Medium
• Form: Irregular to spreading;
often multi-stemmed
• Height: 20 to 40’
• Leaf: 3 to 5.5" compound
leaves; yellow to reddish
purple fall color
• Flower/Fruit: 12 to 18" white
flowers in August; purple fruit
Japanese Cherry Birch
• Scientific Name
Betula grossa
• Growth Rate: Moderate
• Site Requirements: Sun; moist well
drained soil
• Texture: Medium
• Form: Pyramidal
• Height: 20 to 25'
• Leaf: 2 to 4" alternate, simple leaves;
yellow fall color
• Flower/Fruit: Nonshowy flowers
Japanese Hornbeam ‫شعاع الهالل‬
• Scientific Name: Carpinus
japonica
• Growth Rate: Slow
• Site Requirements: Sun to light
shade; moist well drained soil
but tolerates a range of soil types
• Texture: Medium
• Form: Rounded; densely
branched; wide spreading
branches
• Height: 20 to 30'
• Leaf: 2 to 4.5" leaves; yellow to
nonshowy fall color
• Flower/Fruit: 2 to 2.5" fruit
Japanese Cornel Dogwood
• Scientific Name
Cornus officinalis
• Growth Rate: Moderate
• Site Requirements: Sun to partial
shade; range of soil types
• Texture: Medium
• Form: Picturesque; multi-stemmed ;
low branches; oval to round habit
• Height: 15 to 25'
• Leaf: 4" opposite, simple leaves;
purple fall color
• Flower/Fruit: Cluster of short stalked
yellow flowers with drooping bracts
on naked stems in early spring; .5"
shiny red fruit in clusters in fall
Japanese Cedar
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Scientific Name: Cryptomeria japonica
Habit: Evergeen
Growth Rate: Moderate
Site Requirements: Sun to light, high
shade; rich deep, well drained soil but
will thrive in a range of soil types
Texture: Fine to medium
Form: Pyramidal; semiformal
Height: 50 to 60'
Leaf: Awl shaped, bright to blue-green
foliage; smooth to the touch; bronze
tones in winter, especially if exposed to
wind.
Flower/Fruit: Small terminal cones
Fences and Walls
• There are three types of fences:
• the short fence which extends
from the house into the garden
• an inner fence and an outer
fence.
• Short fences are screens that
hide unwanted views or
objects.
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They are about 6 or 7 feet high.
• Add color and texture to the
garden.
• Materials used are bamboo,
wood and twigs ‫ أغصان‬of
bamboo or tree.
Courtyards include a modern
alfresco ‫( في الهواء الطلق‬sheltered
outdoor living) area with a lush
backdrop of plants.
Stones
• Stones are fundamental
elements of Japanese gardens.
• Stones used are not
quarried‫ المحاجر‬by the hand of
man, but of stones shaped by
nature only
• Used to construct the garden's
paths, bridges, and walkways.
• Represent a geological
presence where actual
mountains are not viewable or
present. They are placed in odd
numbers and a majority of the
groupings reflect triangular
shapes
Bonsai and Bonseki
•The art of Bonsai involves the training
of everyday shrubs such as pine, cypress,
holly, cedar, cherry, maple, and beech to
look like old, large trees in miniature
form.
•The trees are usually less than one meter
high and kept small by pruning, repotting, growth pinching, and wiring the
branches.
•Bonseki is the art of developing
miniature landscapes which may include
smallest of rock pieces to represent
mountains.
Types of Japanese Gardens
1. Dry garden
2. Hill garden
3. Tea gardens
Dry Gardens
• Also known as rock gardens and
waterless stream gardens.
• Influenced by Zen Buddhism and can
be found at Zen temples of meditation
• Found in the front or rear gardens at the
residences.
• No water presents in gardens. raked
gravel or sand that simulates the feeling
of water.
• The rocks/gravel used are chosen for
their artistic shapes, and mosses as well
as small shrubs.
• Plants are much less important (and
sometimes nonexistent)
• Rocks and moss are used to represent
ponds, islands, boats, seas, rivers, and
mountains in an abstract way.
• Gardens were meant to be viewed
from a single, seated perspective.
• Rocks in karesansui are often
associated with Chinese mountains
such as Mt. Penglai or Mt. Lu.
Karesansui.
• Stones are usually off-white or grey
though the occasional red or black
stone were added later.
Hill Gardens
• They strive to make a smaller
garden appear more spacious.
• Shrubs are utilized to block
views of surrounding
buildings.
• The gardens main focus is on
nearby mountains in the
distance.
• The garden has the mountains
as part of its grounds.
• Ponds, streams, hills, stones,
trees, flowers, bridges, and
paths are also used frequently
in this style as opposed to a
flat garden.
Tea Gardens
• They are built for tea
ceremonies.
• Tea house is where the
ceremonies occur, and the styles
of both the hut and garden are
based off the simple concepts of
the sado.
• There are stepping stones
leading to the tea house, stone
lanterns, and stone basins where
guests purify themselves before
a ceremony.
• The teahouse is screened by
hedges to create a sense of
remoteness
Ryoan – Ji temple, kyoto.
Thank you